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12 protocols using arium 126 61316 ro

1

Analytical Procedures for Bioactive Compounds

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Ultra-pure water (<5 µg/L TOC, (total organic carbon)) was obtained from a water purification system Arium 126 61316-RO, plus an Arium 611 UV unit (Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany). Methanol (HPLC grade) and formic acid (puriss. p.a. for mass spectrometry) from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA) were obtained. Dichloromethane (HPLC grade) were from Merck (Santiago, Chile). Commercial Folin–Ciocalteu (FC) reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric chloride hexahydrate, 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine, trolox, quercetin, gallic acid, atorvastatin, Triton WR-1339 and DMSO were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chem. Co. (St Louis, MO, USA).
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2

Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibition Assays

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The systems Arium 126 61316-RO and Arium 611 UV unit (Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany) were employed to get the ultra-pure water. Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine aluminum chloride, iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl, (±)-6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (purity > 97%), quercetin (purity > 97%), gallic acid (purity > 98%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), acetylcholinesterase from Electrophorus electricus, butyrylcholinesterase from equine serum, tyrosinase (from mushroom), levodopa, 2-hydroxymethyl-5-hydroxy-γ-pyrone, trichloroacetic acid (TCA, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), fetal calf serum (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA), L-glutamine (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), penicillin G (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), streptomycin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and sulforhodamine B (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich Chem. Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) and extrasynthèse (Genay, France). Formic acid, methanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane of HPLC grade were obtained from Merk® (Santiago, Chile).
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3

Phytochemical Analysis and Bioactivities

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Ultra-pure water (<5 µg/L TOC) was obtained from the water purification systems Arium 126 61316-RO, in addition to an Arium 611 UV unit (Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany). Methanol (HPLC grade) and formic acid (MS grade) were purchased from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Commercial Folin–Ciocalteu (FC) reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric chloride hexahydrate, 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine, trolox, quercetin, gallic acid, Amberlite® resin (XAD4), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), phosphate buffer, LDOPA, tyrosinase, kojic acid, trichloroacetic acid (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), fetal calf serum (FCS, Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA), L-glutamine (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), penicillin G (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), streptomycin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), sulforhodamine B (SRB, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), and HPLC standards (cyandin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside, and quercetin-3-O-arabinoside) with purity higher than 95% by HPLC were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chem. Co. (St, Louis, MO, USA) or Extrasynthèse (Genay, France).
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4

Antioxidant Extraction and Analysis

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Ultra-pure water (<5 µg/L TOC, (total organic carbon)) was obtained from a water purification system Arium 126 61316-RO, plus an Arium 611 UV unit (Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany). Methanol (HPLC grade) and formic acid (puriss. p.a. for mass spectrometry) from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA) were obtained. Dichloromethane (HPLC grade) were from Merck (Santiago, Chile). Commercial Folin-Ciocalteu(FC) reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric chloride hexahydrate, 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine, trolox, quercetin, gallic acid and DMSO were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chem. Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), 3′ methyl-nordihydroguaiaretic acid (MNDGA), LnRe and characterized by analysis of their spectroscopic data (1H and 13C NMR, MS) were used as standards [26 (link)].
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5

Extraction and Antioxidant Analysis of Natural Compounds

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Ultra-pure water (<5 µg/L TOC, (total organic carbon) was obtained from a water purification system Arium 126 61316-RO, plus an Arium 611 UV unit (Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany). Methanol (HPLC grade) and formic acid (puriss. p.a. for mass spectrometry) from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA) were obtained. Chloroform (HPLC grade) were from Merck (Santiago, Chile). Commercial Folin–Ciocalteu (FC) reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric chloride hexahydrate, 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine, trolox, quercetin, gallic acid, DMSO, and HPLC standards (citric acid, vanillic acid, and chlorogenic acid, all standards with purity higher than 95% by HPLC) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chem. Co. (St Louis, MO, USA) or Extrasynthèse (Genay, France). Cefotaxime was from Argentia® (Bristol-Myers Squibb, Buenos Aires, Argentina). Mueller–Hinton broth was provided by Laboratorio Britania (Buenos Aires, Argentina).
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6

Comprehensive Antioxidant Evaluation Protocol

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Ultra-pure water (<5 µg/L TOC) was obtained from the water purification systems Arium 126 61316-RO, plus an Arium 611 UV unit (Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany). Formic acid (MS grade) and methanol (HPLC grade) were purchased from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Folin–Ciocalteu (FC) reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric chloride hexahydrate, 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine, quercetin, gallic acid, Amberlite® resin (XAD4), phosphate buffer, trichloroacetic acid, ferric chloride, hydrochloric acid, ascorbic acid, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), gallic acid, potassium hexacyanoferrate(III), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich; sodium carbonate, ferrous sulfate, sodium persulfate, sodium acetate, sodium sulfate anhydrous, and ethanol were obtained from Merck (Lima, Peru). HPLC standards (with purity higher than 95% by HPLC) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chem. Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) or Extrasynthèse (Genay, France).
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7

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Evaluation

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Ultra-pure water (<5 µg/L TOC, (Total Organic Carbon) was obtained from a water purification system Arium 126 61316-RO, plus an Arium 611 UV unit (Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany). Methanol (HPLC grade) and formic acid (puriss. p.a. for mass spectrometry) from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA) were obtained. Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric chloride hexahydrate, 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine, trolox, quercetin, gallic acid, DMSO, and HPLC standards (caffeic acid phenethyl ether (CAPE), galangin, morusin, naringenin, pinocembrin, rhamnetin and shikonin, with purity higher than 95% by HPLC) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chem. Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) or Extrasynthèse (Genay, France). Cefotaxime was from Argentia® (Bristol-Myers Squibb, Buenos Aires, Argentina). Mueller-Hinton broth was provided by Laboratorio Britania (Buenos Aires, Argentina).
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8

Solvents and Standards for HPLC Analysis

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Ultra-pure water (<5 µg/L TOC) was obtained from a water purification system Arium 126 61316-RO plus an Arium 611 UV unit (Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany). Methanol (HPLC grade) and formic acid (puriss. p.a. for mass spectrometry) were obtained from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Chloroform (HPLC grade) was obtained from Merck (Santiago, Chile). HPLC standards (citric acid, vanillic acid, and chlorogenic acid, all standards with purity higher than 95% by HPLC) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chem. Co. (St Louis, MO, USA) or Extrasynthèse (Genay, France).
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9

Detailed Analytical Procedures for Phytochemical Characterization

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Purified water (TOC < 5 µg/L) was obtained from a reverse osmosis system (Arium 126 61316-RO and Arium 611 UV unit (Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany)). Methanol (HPLC grade) and formic acid (for mass spectrometry, puriss. P.a.) were obtained from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Folin–Ciocalteu (FC) reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric chloride hexahydrate, 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine, Trolox, quercetin, gallic acid, Amberlite® resin (XAD4), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), acetylcholinesterase (AchE), butyrylcholinesterase (BchE), phosphate buffer, L-DOPA, tyrosinase, kojic acid, and trichloroacetic acid were obtained (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). HPLC standards (quercetin and gallic acid purified to 95% and up via HPLC) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chem. Co. (St Louis, MO, USA) and Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Ultratrace nitric acid 69% ppb-trace Scharlab grade was employed for ICP determination.
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10

Chromatographic Characterization of Extracts

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TLC (Kieselgel 60 GF254, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) was performed in heptane/EtOAc mixtures (9:1; 7:3 and 1:1 v/v), and spots were visualized by spraying plates with H2SO4-MeOH (5:95, v/v) and heating to 120 °C. Silica gel (Kieselgel 60, Merck 0.063–0.200 mm) and Sephadex (LH-20, Merck) were used for column chromatography (CC). Ethyl lactate was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Purified water (TOC < 5 µg/L) was obtained from a reverse osmosis system (Arium 126 61316-RO and Arium 611 UV unit (Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany)). Methanol (HPLC grade) and formic acid (for mass spectrometry, puriss. p.a.) were purchased from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Folin–Ciocalteu (FC) reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric chloride hexahydrate, 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine, Trolox, quercetin, gallic acid, di-methyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and trichloroacetic acid were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
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