Phosphate buffered solution

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom

Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) is a widely used aqueous solution that maintains a stable pH and osmolarity. It is commonly employed as a buffer in various biological and biochemical applications, such as cell culture, enzyme assays, and immunoassays.

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Close spelling variants of this product

Phosphate-buffered saline solution (50 citations) Phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS; (16 citations) Phosphate-buffered formaldehyde solution (5 citations) Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline solution (4 citations) Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline solution (DPBS; (4 citations) Phosphate-buffered solution (PBS, (3 citations) Dulbecco’s Phosphate-Buffered Solution (DPBS, (3 citations) Buffered formalin phosphate solution (3 citations) Phosphate buffered saline(PBS) 1× solution (2 citations) Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered solution (PBS, (2 citations)

23 protocols using phosphate buffered solution

Synthesis and Characterization of GFc7 Nanocomplex

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GFc7 nanocomplex was synthesized by Sodour Ahrar Shargh Company (Tehran, Iran). Minimum essential medium (α-MEM), penicillin G (100 U/ml), streptomycin (100 μg/ml), GlutaMAX, nonessential amino acids, trypsin-EDTA 0.25 %, and phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) were purchased from Gibco (Gibco-Life Technologies, Carlsbad,CA, USA). Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), sodium isothiocyanate, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), FeCl₃, nitric acid, acetone, methanol and formalin, Triton X-100, beta- glycerol phosphate, NHCl, and paraformaldehyde were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). AB-human serum, propidium iodide (PI), hydrocortisone, isobutyl methyl xanthine, indomethacin, Oil Red stain, Alizarin Red stain, dexamethasone, ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide 99 % (MTT), p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNP), Ficoll, and TRIzol were from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). IntraStain kit (Code-Nr.K2311) and all of the antibodies were obtained from Dako (Glostrup, Denmark) and Standard SYBR Green PCR kit from Fermentas, St. Leon-Rot, Germany.
The list of the equipment and instruments used is as follows: FACS Calibur (Becton Dickinson, Cockeysville, MD, USA), absorbance micro plate readers (ELx800™; BioTek, Winooski, VT, USA), Rotor Gene 6000 instrument (Corbett, Sydney, Australia), and scanning electron microscope VEGA-TESCAN-LMU model.

Hafizi M., Hajarizadeh A., Atashi A., Kalanaky S., Fakharzadeh S., Masoumi Z., Nazaran M.H, & Soleimani M. (2015). Nanochelating based nanocomplex, GFc7, improves quality and quantity of human mesenchymal stem cells during in vitro expansion. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 6, 226.

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Hematopoietic Stem Cell Expansion Protocol

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GFc7 growth nanofactor was synthesized by Sodour Ahrar Shargh Company [Iran]. Nonessential Amino Acids, GlutaMAX, Penicillin G (100 U/mL), Streptomycin (100 mg/mL) and Phosphate-Buffered Solution (PBS) were purchased from Gibco-Life Technologies [USA]. Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) was taken from PAA Biotech [Austria], hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) from Merck [Germany] and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) and Dextran 40 from Cryosure [Germany]. Propidium Iodide (PI), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide 99% (MTT), Stemline^® II Hematopoietic Stem Cell Expansion Medium, stem cell factor (SCF), Flt-3 ligand (Flt-3L), thrombopoietin (TPO) and Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco’s Media (IMDM) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich-St Louis [USA]. All antibodies were purchased from Dako [Denmark]. Standard SYBR Green PCR kit was taken from Fermentas [Germany], ALDEFLUOR™ Kit and Methylcellulose from stem cell technologies [Canada] and CD34 and CD38 MicroBead Kit from Milteny Biotec [USA]. Hydroxyl ethyl starch (HES) was purchased from Fresenius Kabi [Germany], Sepax processing kit from Biosafe [Switzerland] and Ficoll-Paque PLUS density gradient from Amersham Biosciences [USA].

Hafizi M., Kalanaky S., Fakharzadeh S., Janzamin E., Arjmandi T., Atashi A, & Nazaran M.H. (2020). GFc7 as a Smart Growth Nanofactor for ex vivo Expansion and Cryoprotection of Humans’ Hematopoietic Stem Cells. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 15, 6263-6277.

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Anti-melanogenic Effects of B16F10 Cells

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B16F10 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). Penicillin, trypsin, streptomycin, phosphate-buffered solution (PBS), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) were purchased from Gibco/Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). A DMEM solution containing Penicillin–streptomycin solution (10,000 U/mL) and 10% heat-inactivated FBS was used to cultivate B16F10 cells at 37 °C in a humid environment with 5% CO₂. These cells were cultivated in a 6- or 96-well culture plate, and cell viability, anti-tyrosinase activity, and anti-melanogenesis activity experiments were conducted.

Yoon D., Kang M.K., Jung H.J., Ullah S., Lee J., Jeong Y., Noh S.G., Kang D., Park Y., Chun P., Chung H.Y, & Moon H.R. (2023). Design, Synthesis, In Vitro, and In Silico Insights of 5-(Substituted benzylidene)-2-phenylthiazol-4(5H)-one Derivatives: A Novel Class of Anti-Melanogenic Compounds. Molecules, 28(8), 3293.

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PLGA-PVA Encapsulation of IGF-1 and Bevacizumab

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PLGA (lactide/glycolide ratio 50:50, MW 65 kDa) and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) (88%, MW 31–50 kDa) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). IGF-1 and Bevacizumab, Minimal Essential Medium (MEM), and phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) were obtained from Gibco (Grand Island, USA) and the RNA extraction kit was purchased from Omega Bio-tek (Georgia, USA). The cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) was purchased from Abcam (UK); all were used as received. The study design is illustrated in Figure 1.

Qiang L., Fan M., Wang Y., Liu Y., Zhuang H., Guo R., Huang H., Ben Y., Wang D., Wu X., Wang J., Weng J, & Zheng P. (2023). Injectable hydrogel loaded with bilayer microspheres to inhibit angiogenesis and promote cartilage regeneration for repairing growth plate injury. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11, 1181580.

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In Vitro Culture of Human Lens Epithelial Cells

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Minimum essential medium (MEM), phosphate buffered solution (PBS) and penicillin-streptomycin and 0.25% trypsin were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA); fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Biological Industries (Beit Haemek, Israel); glucose was purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shang Hai, China); rhodamine was purchased from Enzo Life Sicences (Farmingdale, NY, USA); DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) was purchased from Yeasen (Shanghai, China); triton-100 was purchased from Dingguo Changsheng biotech Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China); Syringic acid was extracted at a purity greater than 98% using the method previously described by Zhang et al. (2008 ). The HLEC line SRA01/04 was a kind gift from the Ophthalmology Center of the Sun Yat-Sen University (China).

Yang R., Li X., Mei J., Wan W., Huang X., Yang Q, & Wei X. (2021). Protective effect of syringic acid via restoring cells biomechanics and organelle structure in human lens epithelial cells. Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes, 53(3), 275-284.

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Immunohistochemical Analysis of Medulla Oblongata

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Spraque‐Dawley rats (n = 3, Charles Rivers, Wilmington, MA) were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of urethane (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and transcardially perfused using oxygenated Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium/Ham F12 Medium (Sigma), followed by fixation in 4% formaldehyde (Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). The medulla oblongata was excised and postfixed for 24 h (4% formaldehyde). The tissue was then placed into 20% sucrose solution for 2 days or until the tissue sank to the bottom of the vial and was sectioned at 30 μm using a cryostat (Leica Microsystems, Buffalo Grove, IL). The transverse sections were transferred to 0.1 mol/L phosphate‐buffered solution (Fisher) for immunohistochemical staining.

Minic Z., O'Leary D.S., Goshgarian H.G, & Scislo T.J. (2018). Colocalization of A2a but not A1 adenosine receptors with GABA‐ergic neurons in cardiopulmonary chemoreflex network in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract. Physiological Reports, 6(22), e13913.

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Formulation and Characterization of Drug Delivery System

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TQ (Sigma Aldrich, 99% purity), Pluronic F127 (molecular weight of 12,500 Da), and Pluronic F68 (molecular weight of 8500 Da) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Acetonitrile is of analytical grade, and it was purchased from Fisher scientific. Mili-Q grade water was used for the preparation of all solutions. The established human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was obtained from American Type Culture Collection. Phosphate-buffered solution was purchased from Fisher scientific and it was sterilized before use.

Shaarani S., Hamid S.S, & Mohd Kaus N.H. (2017). The Influence of Pluronic F68 and F127 Nanocarrier on Physicochemical Properties, In vitro Release, and Antiproliferative Activity of Thymoquinone Drug. Pharmacognosy Research, 9(1), 12-20.

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Brain Hemorrhagic Contusion Evaluation

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Animals were sacrificed with ketamine overdose and cervical dislocation and systemically perfused with 1% phosphate-buffered solution (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) and 10% formalin (Sigma-Aldrich) through the right cardiac ventricle. Brains were procured, and the dorsal surface of the injured hemisphere was evaluated for size of the hemorrhagic contusion using Adobe Photoshop CS6 Extended software (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA). The surface area encompassed by the hemorrhagic contusion was reported as a percentage of the total surface ipsilateral hemisphere area.

Li S., Marks J.A., Eisenstadt R., Kumasaka K., Samadi D., Johnson V.E., Holena D.N., Allen S.R., Browne K.D., Smith D.H, & Pascual J.L. (2015). Enoxaparin ameliorates post–traumatic brain injury edema and neurologic recovery, reducing cerebral leukocyte endothelial interactions and vessel permeability in vivo. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, 79(1), 78-84.

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Cell Culture Media and Reagents

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Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) and Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium (RPMI) were purchased from Wisent Inc. (Quebec, Canada). Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HSBB) and Phosphate Buffered Solution (PBS) were purchased from Life Technologies (California, United States). DHR123 and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (Missouri, United States). Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Massachusetts, United States).

Djiadeu P., Azzouz D., Khan M.A., Kotra L.P., Sweezey N, & Palaniyar N. (2017). Ultraviolet irradiation increases green fluorescence of dihydrorhodamine (DHR) 123: false‐positive results for reactive oxygen species generation. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives, 5(2), e00303.

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Polymer Blend Scaffold Preparation

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PLGA (lactide/glycolide ratio 50:50, MW 65 kDa) and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) (88%, MW 31–50 kDa) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). PCL (Polycaprolactone) was purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), and phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) were obtained from Gibco (Grand Island, United States). All reagents and chemicals were directly used without further treatment.

Fan M., Qiang L., Wang Y., Liu Y., Zhuang H., Guo R., Ben Y., Li Q, & Zheng P. (2023). 3D bioprinted hydrogel/polymer scaffold with factor delivery and mechanical support for growth plate injury repair. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11, 1210786.

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