Poly 3 hexylthiophene 2 5 diyl

Unless stated otherwise, chemicals and solvents were obtained commercially and were used without further purification, including methylammonium iodide (MAI) and formamidine hydroiodide (FAI) (Dyesol, 98.0%), Lead iodide (PbI₂) (TCI, 99.99%), SnO₂ nanoparticle solution (15% in H₂O colloidal dispersion, Alfa Aesar), graphene (Chengdu Organic Chemistry Co., Ltd., 98.0%). 1, 2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC, C₄₄H₈₈NO₈P; DLPC, C₃₂H₆₄NO₈P; DHPC, C₂₀H₄₀NO₈P) (99.0%), Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT, 98%), N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%, anhydrous), Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99.9%, anhydrous), Guanidine hydrochloride (CH₅N₃·HCl, 99%) and chlorobenzene (99.8%, anhydrous) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Conductive carbon slurry was obtained from Guangzhou Saidi Technology Development Co., Ltd.

Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO, surface resistivity of 10 Ω/square), Methylammonium Iodide (MAI, 98%), Lead (II) Chloride (98%), N,N-Dimethylformamide, (DMF, Anhydrous 99.8%), 2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene, spiro-OMeTAD (99%), Chlorobenzene (Anhydrous 99.8%), Bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonamide lithium salt (Li-TFSI, 99.95%), 4-tert-Butylpyridine (96%), Acetonitrile (99.8%), Cuprous Iodide (CuI, 98%), Titanium di-isopropoxide bis (acetylacetonate) 75% (w/w), Ethanol (absolute, for HPLC, ≥99.8%) and poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oslo, Norway). 18NR-T Transparent Titania Paste was purchased from Great Cell Solar (Queanbeyan, Australia). All solvents were used without any further purification.

Three different types of AuQDs were obtained from Dai Nippon Toryo Co., Ltd. (Japan): B-AuQDs (mixed 5 and 8 Au atoms), G-AuQDs (13 Au atoms) and R-AuQDs (25 Au atoms). Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) : poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT : PSS, Clevios™ HTL Solar) was purchased from Heraeus (Germany). Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT, greater than 99%), [6,6]-phenyl C₆₁ butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM, greater than 99%), nitric acid (HNO₃, 60%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%), titanium tetrabutoxide (97%), 1,2-dichlorobenzene (99%), ethanol (99.5%) and acetone (AR grade) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Japan). An ITO-coated glass slide (conductivity of 10 Ω cm⁻²) was purchased from Furuuchi Chemical (Japan).