Serotonin

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, Belgium

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the regulation of various physiological processes. It is a biochemical found naturally in the human body and is involved in mood, sleep, appetite, and other important functions. This lab equipment product is designed to facilitate the detection and measurement of serotonin levels in biological samples.

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Lab products found in correlation

8 protocols using serotonin

Maintenance of Brugia Nematodes

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B. malayi and Brugia pahangi adults extracted from the Meriones unguiculatus infection system (NIH/NIAID Filariasis Research Reagent Resource Center) (105 (link)) were maintained in daily changes of RPMI 1640 medium with l-glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich) supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) (10%, vol/vol; Fisher Scientific) and penicillin-streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL; Gibco) at 37°C with 5% CO₂ unless otherwise specified. Brugia microfilariae isolated from the same system were maintained in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with l-glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich) and penicillin-streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL; Gibco) at 37°C with 5% CO₂ unless otherwise specified.
The chemicals used in the assays included serotonin (catalog number AAB2126306; Fisher Scientific), arecoline (catalog number AC250130050; Fisher Scientific), atropine (catalog number sc-252392; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), nicotine (catalog number sc-482740; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), levamisole (catalog number TCL0231-1G; VWR), carbachol (catalog number sc-202092; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), acetylcholine (catalog number AC159170050; Fisher Scientific), oxotremorine M (catalog number sc-203656; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and aldicarb (catalog number sc-254939; Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

Gallo K.J., Wheeler N.J., Elmi A.M., Airs P.M, & Zamanian M. (2023). Pharmacological Profiling of a Brugia malayi Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor as a Putative Antiparasitic Target. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 67(1), e01188-22.

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Neuroactive Compound Application Protocols

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Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators used were glutamate (Sigma, Cat. No. G1251, USA), GABA (Sigma, Cat. No. A2129, USA), acetylcholine (Sigma, Cat. No. A6625, USA), noradrenaline (Fisher, Cat. No. AAL0808703, USA), and serotonin (Fisher, Cat. No. AAB2126303, USA). Stock solutions (20 mM) were made using water or 0.02% DMSO. For RNA-Seq and ATAC-Seq studies, the following final concentrations of neuroactive compounds were used: Glu (500 µM), GABA (500 µM), ACh (100 µM), NAdr (100 µM), and 5HT (100 µM). For calcium imaging experiments, the following final concentrations of neuroactive compounds were used: Glu (100 µM), GABA (300 µM), ACh (20 µM), NAdr (50 µM), and 5HT (50 µM).

Sardar D., Lozzi B., Woo J., Huang T.W., Cvetkovic C., Creighton C.J., Krencik R, & Deneen B. (2021). Mapping Astrocyte Transcriptional Signatures in Response to Neuroactive Compounds. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(8), 3975.

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Quantification of Neurotransmitters by HPLC

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High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade acetonitrile (99.9%), methanol (99.9%), 1-octane sulfonic acid sodium salt (>98%) (Fisher Scientific, United Kingdom), sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate (99%) and ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (≥99%) (EDTA) were purchased from the Merck local distributor in Peshawar, Pakistan. Noradrenaline (≥ 98%), DOPAC (≥98%), dopamine (≥99%), 5HIAA (≥98%), HVA (≥98%), and serotonin (≥99%), were from Acros Organics, Belgium. Cisplatin (≥99.9%) was from Korea United Pharm., Inc. (South Korea). Metoclopramide (MCP; ≥98%) was purchased in solution from GlaxoSmithKline (GSK Pakistan, Ltd.). Commercial grade n-Hexane was from Haq Chemicals Peshawar (Pakistan). The plant was collected at a farm, from Malakand Division (Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, Pakistan) at its bloom season and was authenticated by Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ibrar, Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, a specimen was preserved in the herbarium for future reference (voucher No. 8717) (Ullah, 2013 ).

Ullah I., Subhan F., Alam J., Shahid M, & Ayaz M. (2018). Suppression of Cisplatin-Induced Vomiting by Cannabis sativa in Pigeons: Neurochemical Evidences. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 231.

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Preparation of Neurotransmitter Solutions

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Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), ascorbic acid, and potassium ferricyanide were purchased from Acros Organics (Morris Plains, NJ). A 10 mM stock solution of each neurotransmitter was prepared in 0.1 M HClO₄. The final working solutions were prepared by diluting the stock solution in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (131.25 mM NaCl, 3.00 mM KCl, 10 mM NaH₂PO₄, 1.2 mM MgCl₂, 2.0 mM Na₂SO₄, and 1.2 mM CaCl₂ with pH adjusted to 7.4) to the desired concentration.

Puthongkham P, & Venton B.J. (2019). Nanodiamond Coating Improves the Sensitivity and Antifouling Properties of Carbon-Fiber Microelectrodes. ACS sensors, 4(9), 2403-2411.

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HPLC Analysis of Neurotransmitters

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High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) grade acetonitrile, methanol, 1-octane sulphonic acid sodium salt (Fisher scientific U.K.), sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate and ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) were purchased from the Merck local distributor in Peshawar, Pakistan. Noradrenaline, DOPAC, Dopamine, 5HIAA, HVA, serotonin were from Acros organics, Belgium. Cisplatin was from Korea United Pharm. Inc. (Korea) and was dissolved in normal saline at 65 - 70°C. Metoclopramide (MCP) was purchased in solution from GlaxoSmithKline (GSK Pakistan Ltd.). Acetone was from Haq Chemicals Peshawar (Pakistan). The plant rhizome were purchased from a local market at Mardan and was authenticated by Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ibrar, Department of botany, University of Peshawar.

Ullah I., Subhan F., Ayaz M., Shah R., Ali G., Haq I.U, & Ullah S. (2015). Anti-emetic mechanisms of zingiber officinale against cisplatin induced emesis in the pigeon; behavioral and neurochemical correlates. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 15, 34.

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Preparation of Neurotransmitter Solutions

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Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and ascorbic acid were purchased from Acros Organics (Morris Plains, NJ). A 10 mM stock solution of each analyte was prepared in 0.1 M HClO₄. The final working solutions were daily prepared by diluting the stock solution in a phosphate buffer saline (PBS) (131.25 mM NaCl, 3.00 mM KCl, 10 mM NaH₂PO₄, 1.2 mM MgCl₂, 2.0 mM Na₂SO₄, and 1.2 mM CaCl₂ with pH adjusted to 7.4) to the desired concentration.

Puthongkham P., Yang C, & Venton B.J. (2018). Carbon Nanohorn-Modified Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes for Dopamine Detection. Electroanalysis, 30(6), 1073-1081.

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Electrochemical Sensing of Biomolecules

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Thiophene (98%, Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), trichloroacetic acid (99%, Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), histamine dihydrochloride (99%, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA), L-adrenaline (99%, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA.), and serotonin (99%, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA) were used as received without purification. Phosphate-buffered saline solutions with a pH = 7.4 and graphene nanoplates were acquired from Sigma Aldrich. Tween 20^® was purchased from ThermoFisher (Kandel, Germany). DRP-220AT microelectrodes (Au-based working electrode, with an area of 0.125 cm⁻²) from DropSens (Metrohm DropSens S.L., Llanera, Spain) were used as support for the deposition of graphene-Thiophene composite.
Raman spectroscopy was performed with a LABRAM HR 800 spectrometer, with 633 nm excitation laser wavelength, 2.11 mW laser power at the sample surface, 0.5 cm⁻¹ resolution, 10 s accumulation time, for each measurement. Electrochemical characterization was performed with an OrigaFlex 0.5A modular electrochemical system from OrigaLys ElectroChem SAS (Rillieux-la-Pape, Lyon, France), a three-electrode cell, and a module for microelectrodes.

Iordache S.M., Iordache A.M., Zubarev A., Caramizoiu S., Grigorescu C.E., Marinescu S, & Giuglea C. (2023). Spectro-Electrochemical Properties of A New Non-Enzymatic Modified Working Electrode Used for Histamine Assessment in the Diagnosis of Food Poisoning. Foods, 12(15), 2908.

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Comprehensive Chemical Supplier Inventory

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Acetonitrile
(MeCN) and dichloromethane were
purchased from Actu-All Chemicals (Oss, The Netherlands) and Biosolves
(Valkenswaard, The Netherlands), respectively. Spermine, thiamine,
choline, tryptamine, creatine, L-neopterin, trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline, and inosine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim,
Germany). l-arginine, l-isoleucine, l-leucine, l-tryptophan, l-proline, l-glutamine, l-lysine, histamine, adenosine and procaine were supplied from
Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Agmatine, adenine, and serotonin were
purchased from Alfa Aesar (Kandel, Germany). Paracetamol and nicotine
were obtained from Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, Germany) and Carl Roth
(Karlsruhe, Germany), respectively. MS-grade water was provided through
a Milli-Q Advantage A10 water purification system (Merck, Darmstadt,
Germany).

Drouin N., van Mever M., Zhang W., Tobolkina E., Ferre S., Servais A.C., Gou M.J., Nyssen L., Fillet M., Lageveen-Kammeijer G.S., Nouta J., Chetwynd A.J., Lynch I., Thorn J.A., Meixner J., Lößner C., Taverna M., Liu S., Tran N.T., Francois Y., Lechner A., Nehmé R., Al Hamoui Dit Banni G., Nasreddine R., Colas C., Lindner H.H., Faserl K., Neusüß C., Nelke M., Lämmerer S., Perrin C., Bich-Muracciole C., Barbas C., Gonzálvez Á.L., Guttman A., Szigeti M., Britz-McKibbin P., Kroezen Z., Shanmuganathan M., Nemes P., Portero E.P., Hankemeier T., Codesido S., González-Ruiz V., Rudaz S, & Ramautar R. (2020). Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry at Trial by Metabo-Ring: Effective Electrophoretic Mobility for Reproducible and Robust Compound Annotation. Analytical Chemistry, 92(20), 14103-14112.

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