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6 protocols using fe136

1

Hemodynamic Monitoring in Anesthetized Rats

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Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with urethane (40 μg·kg−1, i.p.). Following tracheal cannulation, the anesthetized rats were mechanically ventilated, and the femoral artery was cannulated for continuous monitoring of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) was measured in the PA of open chest rats. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded with a pressure transducer (ADInstruments Powerlab/4SP, ML 750, USA) connected to a pressure processor amplifier (Animal Bio Amp, ADInstruments, FE 136) and signal conditioner (ADInstruments, FE 221). Non fasting blood glucose measurements were obtained through a blood drop from a cannulated femoral artery using a handheld glucometer and One-Touch glucometer strips (FreeStyle Lite and FreeStyle Freedom Lite, Abbott, USA). After the blood had been collected from the femoral arteries into heparinized tubes, all experimental rats underwent saline perfusion followed by removal of the right middle lung which was stored at −80 °C until Western blot analysis. Perfusion with 10% formalin was then performed followed by removal of the right lower lung and heart which were soaked in 10% formalin and stored at 4 °C for future tissue sampling and assessment of the degree of right ventricular hypertrophy.
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2

Electrocardiographic Assessment of Mice

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At about the same time every day, the mice were brought to the experiment room in advance to allow the mice to fully adapt to the environment and not to affect the measurement of heart rate. The reference electrode, positive electrode, and negative electrode of standard limb lead system were inserted under the skin of right hindlimb, left hindlimb, and right forelimb of the mice via a needle electrode, respectively (Fig. S2). When the breathing of the mice was stable, ECG recording was started and continued for a duration of 5 min employing a BioAmp and PowerLab system (FE136 and PowerLab 8/35, ADInstruments, Australia). Afterwards, the electrodes were removed, and the mice were returned to the breeding room. The recorded ECG of each mouse was checked, and the section with a stable recording (longer than 10 s) was selected to determine the desired parameters including heart rate, PR interval, QRS interval, QT interval, P wave duration, P amplitude, R amplitude, T amplitude, and Tpeak tend interval. The measurement method of the parameters was shown in Figs. S3–S11. The parameters were obtained and further imported to the Statistical Product and Service Solutions software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) for statistical analysis.
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3

Left Ventricular Pressure Monitoring

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Prior to each MRI scan LV catheterization was performed under fluoroscopy (OEC 9800, General Electric, USA) to record LV-pressure continuously using a bridge-amplifier (FE221, ADInstruments, USA) and Power Lab (PL3508, ADInstruments, USA). At the same time ECG was recorded using a Bio-amplifier (FE136, ADInstruments, USA).
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4

Detailed ECG Waveform Analysis Protocol

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A bipolar limb lead II was used for ECG recording. Needle electrodes subcutaneously
attached to the limbs were connected to a bioamplifer (FE136, ADInstruments, Nagoya,
Japan). ECG data were acquired at rate of 1,000/sec with an analog-to-digital converter
(PowerLab4/26, ADInstruments) and analyzed for the following standard ECG variables by
using analysis software (LabChart7 Pro ver7.12, ADInstruments): RR interval, PR interval,
QRS duration, QT interval, QTC interval, amplitude of T wave and HR. The
QTC interval was derived from the QT interval using Bazzet’s formula:
QTC=QT Interval / √ (RR interval). These ECG variables were obtained by
analysis of the ECG waveform during a 10 s noise-free period.
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5

Catecholaminergic Stress-Induced Tachyarrhythmia

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Wt and Nat8l-ko mice were lightly anesthetized by isoflurane inhalation (3 and 0.5% for induction and maintenance of anesthesia, respectively), and body temperature was maintained at 37°C using a thermostatically controlled warming pad (TC-1000; CWE, Ardmore, PA, USA). Electrodes were placed subcutaneously in 3 limbs [1-lead electrocardiography (ECG)], and ECG recordings were digitalized and acquired at 2 kHz (Animal Bio Amp, FE136 and MPVS PL3508 PowerLab 8/35; both ADInstruments, Sydney, Australia). After 10-min baseline ECG recording, intraperitoneal injection of adrenalin (Fresenius Kabi, Bad Homburg, Germany) and caffeine (2 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg BW, respectively) was administered to induce catecholaminergic stress and test for any tachyarrhythmias within a 20-min interval.
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6

Aortic Pressure and ECG Measurement

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Prior to each MRE measurement, a catheter pressure transducer (SPR-882, Millar, Inc., Houston, TX) was advanced through the femoral artery into the aorta under fluoroscopy (OEC 9800, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI) to measure the central aortic pressure. Aortic pressure was recorded continuously by a bridge-amplifier (FE221, AD Instruments, Colorado Spring, CO) and Power Lab (PL3508, AD Instruments, Colorado Spring, CO). Simultaneously, a Bio-amplifier (FE136, AD Instruments, Colorado Spring, CO) was also used to record the ECG signal.
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