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40 protocols using maitai deepsee

1

NP Internalization in A549 Cells

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A549 cells were grown in 8 well μ-slides. The cells were subsequently incubated (individually) at 37 °C with 5% CO2, with NP1-5 at a concentration of 50 µg/mL for 18 h. The cells were then rinsed with PBS to remove the free NPs. Two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy (TPEM) was conducted at room temperature using an LSM 510 META (Zeiss, Zaventem, Belgium) confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) on an inverted Axiovert 200 M motorized frame (Zeiss). The microscope was fitted with a LD C-Apochromat 40×/1.1 W Corr UV-VIS-IR water immersion objective. The NPs were excited using a femtosecond pulsed titanium-sapphire laser (MaiTai DeepSee, Spectra-Physics, Santa Clara, CA, USA) tuned to 950 nm. The emission was then routed through a 650 nm low pass filter before being captured using a non-descanned detector (NDD). The images on the transmission channel were also captured on a separate detector mounted to the microscope turret. The internalization of the NPs by the cells was confirmed by acquiring z-stacks over the volume of cells (optical slice thickness = 1 µm).
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2

Two-Photon Imaging of iGluSnFR Signals

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The custom-built two-photon imaging setup was based on an Olympus BX51WI microscope controlled by a customized version the open-source software package ScanImage58 (link) written in MATLAB (MathWorks). We used a pulsed Ti:Sapphire laser (MaiTai DeepSee, Spectra Physics) tuned to 980 nm to simultaneously excite both the cytoplasmic tdimer2 and the membrane bound iGluSnFR. Red and green fluorescence was detected through the objective (LUMPLFLN 60XW, ×60, 1.0 NA, Olympus) and through the oil immersion condenser (1.4 NA, Olympus) using 2 pairs of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs, H7422P-40SEL, Hamamatsu), 560 DXCR dichroic mirrors and 525/50 and 607/70 emission filters (Chroma Technology) were used to separate green and red fluorescence. Excitation light was blocked by short-pass filters (ET700SP-2P, Chroma). ScanImage was modified to allow arbitrary line scanning. To measure iGluSnFR signals with a high signal-to-noise ratio, spiral scans were acquired to sample the surface of individual boutons. For single pulse stimulation, we acquired 44 spiral lines at 500 Hz or 330 Hz. For paired-pulse pulse stimulation (48 ms ISI), we acquired 64 spiral lines at 500 Hz. Photomultiplier dark noise was measured before shutter opening and subtracted for every trial.
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3

Serial Two-Photon Tomography of Mouse Brains

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Serial two-photon tomography (STPT) (Ragan et al., 2012 (link)), in which automated block face imaging of the brain is repetitively alternated with vibratome sectioning, was conducted on the TissueCyte 1000 platform using the manufacturer’s custom software for operation (Orchestrator). Mouse brains were perfusion-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in low-melting point oxidized agarose (4.5% w/v; Sigma #A0169). Vibratome sections were prepared at 75 μm thickness using a frequency of 70 Hz and a speed of 0.5 mm/sec. 185–190 total sections were collected of each brain. A 9 by 13 mosaic of tile images was collected at each level using lateral resolution of 0.875 μm/pixel. Optical sectioning was used to collect three z-planes within each 75 μm physical section to obtain 25 μm axial resolution. The two-photon excitation laser (Spectra Physics MaiTai DeepSee) was tuned to 920 nm to excite both eGFP and tdTomato. The emission fluorescence from the red, green and blue channels was independently collected using photomultiplier tube detectors. The tile images were saved to network attached servers and automatically processed to perform flat field correction and then stitched into single-channel 2D coronal sections in 16-bit .tif format using the manufacturer’s custom software (AutoStitcher).
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4

Serial Two-Photon Tomography of Mouse Brains

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Serial two-photon tomography (STPT) (Ragan et al., 2012 (link)), in which automated block face imaging of the brain is repetitively alternated with vibratome sectioning, was conducted on the TissueCyte 1000 platform using the manufacturer’s custom software for operation (Orchestrator). Mouse brains were perfusion-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in low-melting point oxidized agarose (4.5% w/v; Sigma #A0169). Vibratome sections were prepared at 75 μm thickness using a frequency of 70 Hz and a speed of 0.5 mm/sec. 185–190 total sections were collected of each brain. A 9 by 13 mosaic of tile images was collected at each level using lateral resolution of 0.875 μm/pixel. Optical sectioning was used to collect three z-planes within each 75 μm physical section to obtain 25 μm axial resolution. The two-photon excitation laser (Spectra Physics MaiTai DeepSee) was tuned to 920 nm to excite both eGFP and tdTomato. The emission fluorescence from the red, green and blue channels was independently collected using photomultiplier tube detectors. The tile images were saved to network attached servers and automatically processed to perform flat field correction and then stitched into single-channel 2D coronal sections in 16-bit .tif format using the manufacturer’s custom software (AutoStitcher).
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5

Multimodal Cartilage Imaging in Mice

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Following staining, anesthetized mice were moved onto the stage of a multi-photon microscope (FVMPE-RS, Olympus, Japan). Medial femoral condyle cartilage was imaged using a 25 × 1.05 NA water-immersion objective (Olympus Inc., Japan) coupled with two independent multi-photon infrared pulsed lasers (InSight DS and Mai Tai DeepSee, Spectra Physics Inc., USA) enabling simultaneous excitation at different wavelengths. The first laser was tuned to 800 nm to produce SHG while the second laser was tuned to 940 nm to excite both live and dead cell stains. The emission signals were directed to a single-edge dichroic beam splitter (FF458-Di02, Semrock inc., USA) to separate the SHG signal from the live/dead cell signal. Live and dead cell signals were further separated using a dichroic beam splitter (FF570-Di01, Semrock inc. USA) and were then focused onto two non-descanned detectors through two single bandpass filters, FF01-520/35 and FF01-612/69 (Semrock inc., USA) to capture the live and dead cell signals respectively. The SHG signal was directed to a single-band bandpass filter centered at 400 nm (FF01-400/40, Semrock inc., USA) prior to focussing it onto a sensitive GaAsp non-descanned detector.
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6

Simultaneous Imaging of Projection-Specific Neurons

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GCaMP6s was expressed in V1 using an adenoassociated virus vector (AAV2-hSynapsin1-GCaMP6s, serotype 5, University of Pennsylvania Vector Core). Projection-specific subtypes of L5 PNs were labeled using CTB-Alexa Fluor-555 injected into the SC, dStr, or cV2. Imaging was performed 25–30 days after injection under light isoflurane anesthesia through an acutely implanted glass cranial window. Imaging was performed using a resonant scanner-based two-photon microscope (MOM, Sutter Instruments) coupled to a Ti:Sapphire laser (MaiTai DeepSee, Spectra Physics) tuned to 940 nm for GCaMP6 and 1000 nm for CTB-Alexa Fluor 555. Images were acquired using ScanImage 4.2 (Vidrio Technologies) at ~30 Hz from a depth of ~450–600 µm relative to the brain surface. Visual stimuli consisted of full-screen sinusoidal drifting gratings with a temporal frequency of 1 Hz and with varied contrast, orientation, and spatial frequency. For all experiments, visual stimuli were 3 seconds in duration and separated by an inter-stimulus interval of 5 seconds.
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7

Two-Photon Calcium Imaging of Dendritic Signals

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Whole-cell recordings were performed with current-clamp
intracellular solution containing Alexa Fluor (100 μM) to visualize
the dendritic arbor and Fluo-4 (100–200 μM) to monitor
Ca2+ signals. In some experiments, thapsigargin (10
μM) was also added to the internal solution. Ca2+ imaging
began at least 30 min after breakin to allow for dye diffusion,
equilibration, and assessing stability of the recording. Two-photon laser
scanning microscopy of Ca2+ signals was performed using an
upright microscope (BX61WI, Olympus), equipped with a slice recording
chamber, 40X, 0.8 NA water immersion objective, and a Ti:Sapphire (MaiTai
DeepSee, Spectra-Physics, Mountain View, CA) laser tuned to 810 nm to excite
both Alexa Fluor 594 and Fluo-4. Imaging of dendritic segments was acquired
with Fluoview software (Olympus) at 4X digital zoom, every 50 ms. Images
were analyzed in ImageJ (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA).
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8

In Vivo Imaging of Cortical Vasculature

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An in vivo image of cortical and dural blood vessels under the electrode was taken 6 weeks after implantation (figure 1(e)). We used an epifluorescence stereomicroscope (Leica MZ16 F, 546/10 nm excitation, 590 nm long pass) following tail vein injection (0.1 ml, 10 mg/ml) of rhodamine B isothiocyanate dextran (70,000 MW, R9379, Sigma-Aldrich). Rhodamine-B was chosen for minimal spectral overlap with ChR2 excitation. A video of the stimulus location was captured (figure 5(a)) by attaching a video camera to the Leica MZ16 F. Frames were captured from the video for the figure.
A fixed brain slice was imaged to locate ChR2-YFP expression. A mouse was transcardially perfused with 15 ml of PBS followed by 15 ml of 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS to fix the brain, and 500 μm thick coronal slices were cut with a vibrating microtome (Campden Instruments). YFP expression of an entire slice 1.5 mm posterior to bregma (figure 7(b)) was imaged with epifluorescence microscopy (Leica MZ16 F, 480/40 nm excitation, 510 nm long-pass emission). To achieve better resolution, a 2-photon image was taken of the cortical layers (figure 7(c)) with 890 nm excitation (Mai Tai DeepSee, Spectra Physics) and a 10x 0.5 NA Nikon objective lens.
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9

Multimodal In Vivo Imaging of Neuronal Activity

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In vivo imaging was performed with an Ultima IV two-photon laser-scanning microscope system (Bruker), using a 16 × 0.8 NA water immersion objective (Nikon) with a femtosecond laser (MaiTai DeepSee, Spectra Physics, Mountain View, CA, USA) tuned to 950 nm for imaging of GCaMP6f expressing cells. Time-series movies of neuronal populations expressing GCaMP6f were acquired at 7 Hz (182 × 182 microns). Each focal plane movie duration was 3.6 minutes (1500 frames) to track spontaneous neuronal activity. Care was taken to use less than 10 mW of laser power at the surface of the tissue. For in vivo two-photon imaging of microglia cells of the CX3CR1 mice (also injected with the AAV1.CAG.tdTomato vector), the femtosecond laser tuned to 960 nm and laser power was kept below 5 mW to avoid phototoxic effects. Time series were acquired (1024x1024 pixels) at a 10-second interval for a total of 10 min (60 iterations).
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10

Two-Photon Imaging of Mouse Brain

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Mice were anesthetized. Their head was immobilized and a small craniotomy was performed above the right hemisphere. A detailed description of the craniotomy surgery is provided in Supplementary Materials. Two-photon imaging was performed with a two-photon laser-scanning microscope system and PrairieView software (Prairie Technologies, Middelton, WI), using a 16x 0.8 NA water immersion objective (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) with the two-photon laser tuned to 920 nm (MaiTai DeepSee, Spectra Physics, Mountain View, CA). The images were acquired at 512 x 512 with a pixel size of 0.5 um. Care was taken to use less than 20 mW of laser power in the tissue. The raw data obtained were processed using Image J software for analysis and 3D rendering.
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