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Sodium glycocholate hydrate

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Sodium glycocholate hydrate is a chemical compound that is commonly used in laboratory settings. It is a salt of glycocholic acid, which is a bile acid found naturally in the human body. Sodium glycocholate hydrate is often used as a surfactant and emulsifier in various experimental and analytical procedures.

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Lab products found in correlation

Taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Sodium glycodeoxycholate, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Sodium taurochenodeoxycholate, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Sodium taurocholate hydrate, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Sodium glycochenodeoxycholate, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Sodium acetate trihydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Hipersolv chromanorm, by Avantor (1 mentions) L α phosphatidylcholine, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Oleic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Cholesterol, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Ethanol, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Zeocin, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Tauro β muricholic acid, by Steraloids (1 mentions) β muricholic acid, by Steraloids (1 mentions) Diclofenac sodium salt, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Salicylic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Allura red ac, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Cromolyn sodium salt, by Merck Group (1 mentions)

7 protocols using sodium glycocholate hydrate

1

Bile Extract and Conjugated Salts Protocol

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Bile stock solution (12.5%) was prepared by dissolving crude porcine bile extract (Sigma, B8631) in RPMI or YPD. Insoluble components were removed by centrifugation at 12000 ×g, the supernatant filter sterilized and stored at 4°C in the dark. Sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate (Sigma, T0875), taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate (Sigma, T4409), sodium glycocholate hydrate (Sigma, G7132), and unconjugated bile salts (UBS) (Sigma 48305, 50% cholic acid sodium salt and 50% deoxycholic acid sodium salt) were dissolved at 100 mg/ml in either YPD or RPMI, filtered and used as stock solutions.
Hsieh S.H., Brunke S, & Brock M. (2017). Encapsulation of Antifungals in Micelles Protects Candida albicans during Gall-Bladder Infection. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 117.
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2

Lipid Preparation and Characterization

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Ethanol (Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), absolute ≥99.8% GC), sodium taurochenodeoxycholate (TCDC; Sigma), sodium taurocholate hydrate (TC; Sigma, ≥97.0% TLC), sodium glycodeoxy-cholate (GDC; Sigma, BioXtra, ≥97% HPLC), Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) 100% (for HPLC, HiPerSolv CHROMANORM, VWR Chemicals, Radnor, PA, USA), sodium glycocholate hydrate (GC; Sigma, ≥95% TLC), cholesterol (CH; Sigma, Sigma grade ≥ 99%), oleic acid (OA; ≥99% GC), L-alpha- phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk (PC; Sigma, type XVI-E ≥ 99% TLC, lyophilized powder), potassium chloride (Alfa Aesar, ACS, 99.0–100.5%), sodium dihydrogenphosphate (Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), sodium acetate trihydrate (Sigma Aldrich, ACS reagent ≥ 99%) and acetic acid (glacial; Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA), 99+%) were used as received. A total of 1 M NaOH solution and 0.1 M HCl solution were prepared to adjust the pH of the buffers.
Stamatopoulos K., Ferrini P., Nguyen D., Zhang Y., Butler J.M., Hall J, & Mistry N. (2023). Integrating In Vitro Biopharmaceutics into Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutic Model (PBBM) to Predict Food Effect of BCS IV Zwitterionic Drug (GSK3640254). Pharmaceutics, 15(2), 521.
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3

Bile Acid Induction of tcpA Promoter

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PtcpA-sh-ble was grown as overnight culture, diluted 1:1000 in fresh LB, and grown for ~2 hours at 37°C. Each reaction was prepared in 40μl 0.5X pH 8.5 LB medium, with sodium taurocholate hydrate (TC, Sigma-Aldrich), sodium glycocholate hydrate (Sigma Aldrich), cholic acid (CA, Alfa Aesar), sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate (Sigma-Aldrich), sodium glycodeoxycholate (Sigma Aldrich), deoxycholic acid (DCA, MB Biomedicals), tauro-β-muricholic acid (Steraloids Inc.), or β-muricholic acid (Steraloids Inc.) added to a final concentration of 125μM. 2μl of reporter strain subculture was then added, and samples incubated anaerobically at 37°C for 4hrs. 2μl of each reaction was then added to 200μl of 0.5X LB pH 8.5 +/−10μg/ml of zeocin (Sigma Aldrich), incubated for 30 minutes aerobically at 37°C with agitation, and then serially diluted and plated onto LB agar plates with streptomycin to determine survival rates. Induction represents percentage of PtcpA-sh-ble reporter cells surviving treatment with zeocin after incubation with indicated samples under anaerobic conditions, defined as (zeocin-treated sample survival/average of no-zeocin controls)*100. Where noted, survival rates were normalized to that induced by 125μM taurocholate.
Alavi S., Mitchell J.D., Cho J.Y., Liu R., Macbeth J.C, & Hsiao A. (2020). Interpersonal Gut Microbiome Variation Drives Susceptibility and Resistance to Cholera Infection. Cell, 181(7), 1533-1546.e13.
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4

Quantification of Bile Acids and Dyes

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Hemin, bilirubin ditaurate and stercobilin HCl (mixture of isomers) were purchased from Frontier Scientific. Balsalazide disodium salt dihydrate, olsalazine sodium, sulfasalazine (all from Santa Cruz Biotechnology), salicylic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), diclofenac sodium salt (Sigma-Aldrich), meclofenamic acid sodium salt (MP Biomedicals), (±)-ibuprofen (Andeno B.V.), cromolyn sodium salt (Sigma-Aldrich), cetirizine 2HCl (AK-Scientific, Inc.), taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate (Sigma-Aldrich), sodium glycocholate hydrate (Sigma-Aldrich), suramin sodium salt (Calbiochem), allura red AC (Sigma-Aldrich), tartrazine (Sigma-Aldrich) and 2-(ptoluidino)-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid potassium salt (TNS, Sigma-Aldrich) were used as supplied. Imatinib (free base) was a gift from the Vichem Chemie Research Ltd. (Budapest, Hungary). All other chemicals were of analytical reagent grade.
Zsila F., Kohut G, & Beke-Somfai T. (2019). Disorder-to-helix conformational conversion of the human immunomodulatory peptide LL-37 induced by antiinflammatory drugs, food dyes and some metabolites. International journal of biological macromolecules, 129.
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5

Cellulose-based Protocols for Biomolecule Extraction

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Cellulose VITACEL® (L 600-30) was supplied by J. Rettenmaier & Soehne GmbH & Co. KG (Rosenberg, Germany). Taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate (CAS 345909-26-4), sodium taurochenodeoxycholate (CAS 6009-98-9), sodium glycocholate hydrate (CAS 338950-81-5), sodium glycochenodeoxycholate (CAS 16564-43-5), PRONASE® (53702, Protease, Streptomyces griseus, CAS 9036-06-0), lignin alkali (CAS 8068-05-1), L-α-lecithin (Egg Yolk, Highly Purified-CAS 8002-43-5), pancreatin from porcine pancreas (8 × USP specifications), and pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa (3200–4500 units/mg protein) were purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). All other reagents and chemicals used were of analytical grade and supplied by VWR (Darmstadt, Germany).
Naumann S., Schweiggert-Weisz U., Haller D, & Eisner P. (2019). Retention of Primary Bile Acids by Lupin Cell Wall Polysaccharides Under In Vitro Digestion Conditions. Nutrients, 11(9), 2117.
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6

Trypsin Inhibition by Bile Acids

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80 U/mL trypsin from cow pancreas (T1426, Merck) was incubated with serial dilutions of SBTI in 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, along with 10 mM of the individual bile acids sodium glycocholate hydrate (G7132, Merck), sodium glycodeoxycholate (G9910, Merck), sodium taurocholate hydrate (86339, Merck) or sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate (T0875, Merck) for 20 min at 25 °C. The reaction was initiated by the addition of Nα-Benzoyl-l-arginine-4-nitroanilide-hydrochloride (L-BAPA, B3133, Merck) dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to 32 µM. Reactions were incubated at 37 °C with shaking at 400 RPM (double orbital shaking) and trypsin activity was monitored by measuring A405 with a FLUOstar Omega plate-reader (BMG Labtech).
Wicke N., Bedford M.R, & Howarth M. (2021). Gastrobodies are engineered antibody mimetics resilient to pepsin and hydrochloric acid. Communications Biology, 4, 960.
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7

Bile Acid Structure Characterization

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Taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate (CAS 345909-26-4), sodium taurochenodeoxycholate (CAS 6009-98-9), sodium glycocholate hydrate (CAS 338950-81-5), sodium glycochenodeoxycholate (CAS 16564-43-5), sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate (CAS 207737-97-1), and sodium glycodeoxycholate (CAS 16409-34-0) were purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Structural differences in hydroxylation and conjugation of the investigated primary and secondary bile acids are given in Figure 1.
Naumann S., Schweiggert-Weisz U., Eglmeier J., Haller D, & Eisner P. (2019). In Vitro Interactions of Dietary Fibre Enriched Food Ingredients with Primary and Secondary Bile Acids. Nutrients, 11(6), 1424.
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