Sodium chloride (nacl)

Methylene blue (MB), Tris ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA), Sodium chloride (NaCl) from Himedia, and ethanol (C₂H₅OH) were obtained from Chanshu Hong sheng Fine Chemical Co. Ltd. Disodium hydrogen orthophosphate (Na₂HPO₄), sodium di-hydrogen orthophosphate (NaH₂PO₄), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and other chemicals were from Qualigens, India. 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino propyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Electrodes used in the experiment (AuN/c-CNFs) were from DropSens, Spain. Bacterial samples were collected and processed in the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh. The Loa22 gene specific amine-labeled ssDNA probe (5′NH2-TCCCGAACAAGCAGAAGGTG-3′) was synthesized from Eurofins Genomics India Pvt. Ltd.

PTH (1-34), paraformaldehyde, alizarin red solution, DAPI (4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride), and cholesterol was procured from Sigma-Aldrich (Bangalore, India). Hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) and N-(carbonyl methoxy polyethyleneglycol-2000)-1,2-distearoylsn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (Na-salt; MPEG-2000-DSPE) were obtained as gift samples from Lipoid GmbH (Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany). Absolute ethanol was procured from Shree Chalthan Vibhag Khand, Uddyog Sahakari Mandli Ltd., Surat, India, and Sodium chloride (NaCl) from HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. (Mumbai, India). Potassium chloride (KCl), sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na₂HPO4), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH₂PO4), acetonitrile, formic acid, and isopropyl alcohol were procured from Fischer Scientific (Mumbai, India). NBD-PE (N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)-1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, triethylammonium Salt), trypsin, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Invitrogen^TM, Thermo-Fischer Scientific (Mumbai, India). Ultra-pure water from Millipore Milli-Q (Synergy UV) water purification system (Merck Millipore) was used throughout the study. All other reagents used were of analytical grade and were used without further processing. MG-63 osteoblast-like cells were procured from the National Center for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India.

N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAM, Acros Organics (United States) was recrystallized with N-hexane (distilled) at 40°C and was vacuum-dried). N-vinyl 2- pyrrolidone (VP) and acrylic acid (AA) were purchased from Acros Organics (United States) and freshly distilled before use. N, N′-Methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS) (anhydrous), and ammonium persulfate (APS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, United States). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), trypsin (with 0.5% EDTA), streptomycin (100X), potassium chloride, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate were purchased from HiMedia (United States). MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 cell lines were procured from the National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India. I. turpethum was procured from the FRLHT (Foundation of Revitalization of Local Health Traditions, Bangalore, India) and further confirmed by the expert Dr. Sunita Garg (Head, Raw Materials Herbarium & Museum, CSIR-NISCAIR, New Delhi, India) with the reference number NISCAIR/RHMD/Consult/2015/2826/19.

Sodium alginate with a medium viscosity and high mannuronic acid without inulin were purchased from Hi-media (Mumbai). They were prepared in distilled water and autoclaved at 121 °C for 15 min. The low-molecular-weight chitosan (deacetylated chitin, Hi-Media, Laboratories Mumbai), was prepared in distilled water and pure hydrochloric acid (Loba Chemie, Pvt Ltd.—Mumbai, India). Xanthan gum, gum acacia, and carrageenan were purchased from Loba Chemie, Pvt Ltd.—Mumbai, India. Starch, sodium caseinate, pepsin, trypsin, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, trisodium citrate, sodium hydroxide, potassium chloride, phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.2), and hydrochloric acid were purchased from Hi-media Laboratories (Mumbai, India). Glacial acetic acid with molar mass of 60.05 g mol⁻¹ was bought from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Pancreatin, peptone, and bile salt were obtained from Loba Chemie, Pvt Ltd. (Mumbai, India). The De Man Rogosa and Sharpes (MRS) broth and MRS agar used in this work were purchased from Hi-media Laboratories (Mumbai). Indicator microorganisms used for the antimicrobial activity; i.e., Escherichia coli (MTCC No-432), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC No-96), and Bacillus cereus (MTCC No-430), were procured from the Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH; Chandigarh, India).

Pyrogallol, Catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH), 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), Acetylthiocholine chloride, and 5,5-dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) were procured from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA); hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium di-hydrogen phosphate, L-ascorbic acid, and sodium carbonate were obtained from Sisco Research Laboratory, Mumbai, India. Sodium Chloride, Magnesium Chloride, and Tris-base were purchased from Himedia Laboratories, Mumbai.