The blood level of urea nitrogen (BUN) was measured by BUN Colorimetric Detection Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA USA) and the plasma kidney injury marker (KIM-1) was measured by ELISA (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) as per the manufacturers’ instructions. 24-h urine was collected from metabolic cages prior to sacrifice and examined for creatinine (Cayman, MI, USA) and albumin (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) according to the manufacturers’ instructions, from which the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) was calculated.
Creatinine
Manufactured by Abcam
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom
Creatinine is a chemical compound that is a byproduct of muscle metabolism. It is commonly measured in clinical laboratories to assess kidney function.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Alkaline phosphatase, by Abcam (3 mentions)
Urea, by Abcam (3 mentions)
Alloxan, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Aspartate aminotransferase activity, by Abcam (2 mentions)
Tnf alpha elisa kit, by Abcam (2 mentions)
Ldh 1 assay kits, by Abcam (2 mentions)
2 3 5 triphenyltetrazolium chloride, by GoldBio (2 mentions)
Bromocriptine, by Novartis (2 mentions)
Uric acid, by Abcam (2 mentions)
Catalase assay kit, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Glutathione peroxidase assay kit, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Superoxide dismutase assay kit, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Cabergoline, by Pfizer (1 mentions)
Catalase, by Abcam (1 mentions)
Fluconazole, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cyclophosphamide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Roswell park memorial institute (rpmi), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
1 2 dipalmitoyl sn glycero 3 phosphocholine, by Avanti Polar Lipids (1 mentions)
Cholesterol, by Avanti Polar Lipids (1 mentions)
Ellagic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
11 protocols using creatinine
1
Kidney Biomarker Assessment Protocol
2
Biomarker Measurements in Rodent Urine and Plasma
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At 20 w, urine was obtained for measurement of protein (Pierce, Rockford, U.S.A), calcium (Cayman Chemical, An Arbour, MI, USA) and creatinine (Abcam, Cambridge). Plasma obtained at time of sacrifice was stored at -80°C in EDTA-NA2 or heparin tubes. Plasma protein (Pierce, Rockford, U.S.A), creatinine (Abcam, Cambridge, UK), calcium (Cayman Chemical, An Arbour, MI, USA), phosphorus (VetScan; Abaxis, Union City, CA, USA), cystatin C (R & D Systems), glucose (Cayman Chemical, An Arbour, MI, USA) and insulin (Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden) were subsequently assessed.
3
Biomarkers in Rabbit Retina
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The activities of plasma enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), alkaline phosphatase (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), in addition to the plasma levels of total bilirubin (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), albumin (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), chloride (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (Fisher Scientific, Madrid, Spain), creatinine (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), calcium (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), phosphate (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), sodium (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), potassium (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), urea and uric acid (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), were determined by commercial assay kits.
The determinations of CAT, SOD and GPx in the rabbit retinas were made using the Catalase Assay Kit, the Superoxide Dismutase Assay Kit and the Glutathione Peroxidase Assay Kit (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) by spectrophotometry following the manufacturer protocols.
The determinations of CAT, SOD and GPx in the rabbit retinas were made using the Catalase Assay Kit, the Superoxide Dismutase Assay Kit and the Glutathione Peroxidase Assay Kit (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) by spectrophotometry following the manufacturer protocols.
4
Assessing Therapeutic Potential of Sarpogrelate
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Sarpogrelate was obtained from Shanghai Linebon Ltd., Shanghai, China. Bromocriptine was sourced from Novartis, Italy. Cabergoline was purchased from Pfizer, Italy. Domperidone was purchased from Jamjoom Pharmaceuticals Co., KSA. Alloxan was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase activity, LDH-1 assay kits, and the TNF alpha ELISA kit were obtained from Abcam, USA. The troponin I test kit was obtained from Encode Medical Engineering Company, Jeddah, KSA. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride was obtained from Gold Biotechnology, USA.
5
Cardiac and Renal Injury Assessment
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Cardiac and renal injuries were assessed using plasma troponin 1 and creatinine, respectively. Blood plasma from both control and tVNS groups was compared at baseline and at 2 h post-ROSC. Blood samples were withdrawn and then centrifuged at 1000 x g for 10 min to separate the plasma, and the collected plasma was immediately frozen and stored in − 80 °C for further biochemical analysis. Plasma was used to measure Troponin 1 (Abcam, USA) and creatinine (Abcam, USA) levels as per the manufacturer’s protocol.
6
DPPC and Cholesterol Lipid Extraction Protocol
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The 1,2-dipalmitoyl-Sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and the cholesterol were purchased from the Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), peptone, and yeast extracts were purchased from the HiMedia Company (Mumbai, India). Cyclophosphamide, ellagic acid, fluconazole, and RPMI were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine, SOD, catalase, and GSH estimation kits were purchased from the Abcam (Cambridge, UK).
7
Biomarkers of Inflammation and FLCs
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Resting blood samples were collected at baseline and after the 9-month intervention using Serum Separating Tubes (BD Vacutainers). The serum samples were stored at −80 until analysis via commercially available ELISAs to characterize changes in kappa and lambda FLCs (Seralite; Abingdon Health, Oxford, United Kingdom) and hs-CRP (Abcam Cambridge, MS). Using published guidelines for hs-CRP (Haffner, 2006 (link)) and circulating FLCs (Heaney et al., 2020 (link)), 51.8% of participants had abnormal hs-CRP at baseline (greater than 3 mg∙L-1), and 41.5% of participants had abnormally high levels of kappa FLC (8.72–23.0 mg∙L-1). Creatinine and Cystatin c were measured to control for kidney function (Abcam, Cambridge, MS) according to the CKD-EPI equation (Inker et al., 2021 (link)).
8
Perioperative Blood and Urine Analysis
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Whole blood was collected in ethylene diamine tetra acetate (EDTA) tubes and utilized for estimation of complete blood count (CBC) indices. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and C-reactive protein (CRP) were estimated in serum using BUN, creatinine (Abcam, UK) colorimetric kits and canine CRP ELISA kit (Cat. No. 6027, Chondrex Inc., USA), respectively, according to manufacturers’ guidelines. Urine analysis was performed on freshly collected urine samples using commercial urine reagent test strips (IPee, DFI CO., Ltd, Republic of Korea). Changes in blood and urine were monitored before surgery (baseline), 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days postoperatively.
9
Pharmacological Intervention for Diabetic Management
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Sarpogrelate was obtained from Shanghai Linebon Ltd. Shanghai, China. Bromocriptine was from Novartis, Italy. Cabergoline was purchased from P zer, Italy. Domperidone was purchased from Jamjoom pharmaceutical company, KSA. Alloxan was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Urea; Creatinine; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aspartate Aminotransferase Activity; LDH-1 assay kits; and TNF alpha ELISA Kit were obtained from Abcam company. Troponin I test kit was obtained from Encode Medical Engineering Company, Jeddah, KSA. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride was obtained from Gold Biotechnology, USA.
10
Analytical Reagents for Bioassays
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All experimental research analytical-grade reagents and chemicals were procured from Sigma Chemical Co. Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). All bioassay kits (uric acid, urea, creatinine, oxalate, inorganic phosphate, and calcium) were purchased from Biovision Inc. (Milpitas, CA, USA). Olive oil (extra virgin) was purchased from Sakaka olive market (Al-Jawf, Saudi Arabia).
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