Ln229

The glioma cell lines (U251, U87, U373, LN229, GL261) were purchased from Shanghai Cell bank, Type Culture Collection Committee, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Normal human astrocyte (NHA) was purchased from ScienCell. GBM1 and GBM2 are primary glioma cells established by our laboratory [36 (link),37 (link),38 (link)]. Normal human astrocyte was cultured in astrocyte medium (ScienCell; Cat No.1801), while glioma cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) and supplemented with 10% FBS. The above cell lines were grown in a humidified incubator at 37 °C with 5% CO₂. SU4312 and TMZ were purchased from Topscience (Shanghai, China). Primary antibodies of anti-YAP (for western blot), anti-AXL, anti-p-H2AX, anti-Iba-1, anti-Arg-1 and anti-GAPDH were obtained from Cell Signalling Techniques. anti-YAP (for immunofluorescence) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Anti-CYR61 and anti-Ki67 were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Control and the YAP wild-type plasmids were kindly gifted by Prof. Hongbin Ji at the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences [39 (link)].

Normal glial cell line (HA) and GBM cell lines (U87, U251 and LN229) were obtained from the Shanghai Cell Bank, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). HA cells were cultured in Astrocyte Medium (AM). GBM cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco’s-modified Eagle medium (DMEM) F12 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco) and 100×penicillin-streptomycin solution (Invitrogen Life Technologies).

The human GBM cells lines (U87, U251, A172, LN229, and LN18) used in this study were purchased from Shanghai Cell Bank, Chinese Academy of Sciences. These cell lines were cultured and maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and were grown in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO₂ at 37 °C.

The human GBM cell lines (LN229, U251, U87 and T98G) were purchased from Shanghai Cell bank, Type Culture Collection Committee, Chinese Academy of Sciences. GBM1, GBM2 and GBM3 are primary GBM cells established by our laboratory. All cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and grown in a humidified incubator at 37 °C with 5% CO₂.

15 glioma tissues and 11 normal brain samples were collected from Xiangya Hospital, Central South University between January 2016 and January 2022. Gliomas were classified according to 2016 WHO classification: five WHO II cases, four WHO III cases, and six WHO IV cases. The glioma tissues of different WHO grades and normal brain tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry staining (IHC) and 11 pairs of glioma samples and normal brain samples were analyzed by RT-qPCR. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xiangya Hospital of Center South University. Human glioma cells HA 1,800, A172, U87, U251, HS683, and LN229 were purchased from Shanghai Cell bank. All cells were cultured in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂/95% air at 37°C. Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (high glucose) with 10% fetal bovine serum (Bovogen) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin was applied to culture cells.