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12 protocols using ab92446

1

Immunofluorescence Staining of Organoids and Brains

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Samples of organoids and mice brains were subjected to a standard pipeline for immunofluorescence staining, with the following primary antibodies: anti-PAX6 (Thermo Fisher, 42-6600, 1:400), anti-CTIP2 (Abcam, ab18465, 1:200), anti-SOX2 (R&D, AF2018, 1:400), anti-NEUN (Abcam; ab177484, 1:200), anti-TBR1 (Abcam, ab31940, 1:200), anti-CTIP2 (Abcam, ab18465, 1:200) and anti-SATB2 (Abcam, ab92446, 1:200). Images were taken under a confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss LSM880) and processed using ZEN 2012 (version 1.1.0.0). Cells were manually counted using ImageJ.
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2

Analysis of Satb2 Protein Expression

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Cell cultures and Western blots were performed as described previously [32 (link)]. Briefly, HEK293T cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone, Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Cells of about 80% confluence were transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The ratio of shRNA plasmid to expression vector is 2:1. Forty-eight hours later, cells were lysed in ice-cold RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitor cocktail (Thermo Scientific, Grand Island, NY, USA). Mouse cortical tissue from P4 control and Satb2 CKO mice was lysed in the same lysis buffer. The lysates were then loaded on SDS-PAGE, transferred, probed with rabbit anti-Flag antibody (1:3000; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), rabbit anti-Satb2 antibody (1:1000; ab92446, Abcam), or mouse anti-GAPDH antibody (1:2000; Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), developed with species-specific horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (1:3000; KangChen, Shanghai, China), and visualized with enhanced chemiluminescence (KisLab, Shanghai, China). For all Western blots, three cultures/animals for each group/genotype were used.
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3

Western Blot Analysis of Osteogenic Markers

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WB assay was performed in the miR-31 knockdown group (si-miR-31), circ lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1- (circLPAR1-) overexpressed group (circLPAR1), EX0-, and EX7-treated groups. Equal amounts of total sample protein were separated by SDS-PAGE and blotted onto PVDF membranes (Millipore). Then, the membranes were immunoblotted with the primary antibody at 4°C for 16 h. The primary antibodies of special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2) (abcam, ab92446), RUNX2 (abcam, ab76956), col-1 (abcam, ab138492), and OCN (abcam, ab13420) were used. Next, the membrane was washed and incubated with an HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (abcam) at RT for 2 h. All protein signals were analyzed with the ECL Kit (Pierce, US).
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4

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Xenograft Tumors

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IHC assay was conducted based on the report of Xu et al. [24 (link)]. Xenograft tumors fixed with 4% formaldehyde were embedded in paraffin and cut into 4 μm sections. The sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated, antigen retrieval, and blocked, followed by incubation of antibodies against SATB2 (ab92446, Abcam), PCNA (ab92552, Abcam), and Bax (ab32503, Abcam). After incubation with HRP-conjugated secondary antibody, the sections were stained with 3,3’-Diaminobenzidine and hematoxylin, followed by viewing under a microscope (Olympus).
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5

Antibody and Fluorescent Labeling Protocol

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The following primary antibodies were used: α‐BAF (PU38143, a generous gift from T. Haraguchi), α‐LEMD2 (HPA017340, Sigma), α‐SATB2 (ab92446, Abcam), α‐V5 epitope tag (R960‐25, Thermo Fisher Scientific), α‐Lamin B2 (33‐2100, Thermo Fisher Scientific), α‐Fos (226004, Synaptic Systems), α‐Lamin B1 (ab16048, Abcam), α‐VPS4 (E‐8) (sc‐133122, Santa Cruz), α‐phospho‐MSK1 (Thr581) (#9595, New England Biolabs), α‐ERK2 (C‐14) (sc‐154, Santa Cruz), α‐GAPDH (MAB374, Millipore), and α‐beta‐III Tubulin (NB100‐1612, Novus Biologicals).
Secondary antibodies were as follows: goat anti‐mouse Alexa‐488 (A11001, ab150117), goat anti‐mouse Alexa‐555 (A21422), donkey anti‐mouse Alexa‐488 (A21202), goat anti‐rabbit Alexa‐555 (A21428), goat anti‐rabbit Alexa‐488 (ab150081), donkey anti‐rabbit Alexa‐555 (ab150062), and donkey anti‐goat Alexa‐555 (A21432).
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6

SATB2 Immunoprecipitation from Cortical Tissue

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Neonatal cortical tissue was homogenized using a dounce homogenizer in IP lysis buffer (25 mM Tris–HCl pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP‐40, 1 mM EDTA, 5% glycerol; Pierce). DIV13 cortical cultures were lysed on the culture dish in IP lysis buffer (Pierce). The lysates were incubated for 10 min on ice while shaking, followed by a brief centrifugation at 13,000 g. The supernatant was used in immunoprecipitation reactions using the Dynabeads Protein G Immunoprecipitation Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, 50 µl of protein G Dynabeads was coated with 5 µg of anti‐SATB2 antibody (ab92446, Abcam), and beads were mixed with 500 µg of cortical lysate and incubated overnight at 4°C. On the next day, the beads–antibody–protein complexes were washed three times with washing buffer, re‐suspended in 2 × Roti‐Load sample buffer (Roth) for elution, and incubated at 95°C for 5 min. The eluates were separated by SDS–PAGE and used for further immunoblotting analysis.
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7

Comprehensive Nuclear Protein Analysis

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The following primary antibodies were used: anti-SATB2 (ab92446, Abcam); anti-SATB1 (ab92307, Abcam); anti-HDAC1 (10E2) (5356P, Cell signaling); anti-HNRNPL (ab156682, Abcam); anti-HNRNPL-like (4783S, Cell signaling); anti-HNRNPC1/C2 (M022726, BOSTER); anti-ZNF638 (orb215138, Biorbyt); anti-DHX9 (PA5-19542, Thermo Scientific); anti-CUX1 (M-222) (sc-13024, Santa Cruz); anti-Lamin A/C (N-18) (sc-6215, Santa Cruz); anti-ERK2 (C-14) (sc-154, Santa Cruz), anti-BANF1 (PU38143, a generous gift from T. Haraguchi [48 (link)]; anti-pan LAP2 (Lap2 2–12), a generous gift from R. Foisner [49 (link)], anti-CHMP3 (HPA015673, Atlas Antibodies).
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8

Immunohistochemistry of Developing Brain

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Cryosectioned E15.5 brain sections (20 μm) or slide-mounted adult brain sections (30 μm) were incubated in blocking solution (0.2% Triton X-100, 10% serum, 1% BSA in 0.1 M PBS) for 1 h. Primary antibodies were diluted in 5% serum and 0.1 M PBS and were incubated overnight. Secondary antibodies (1:1,000, Invitrogen) were applied for 1 h at room temperature. After extensive washing, sections were counterstained with DAPI (5 mg ml−1, D3571, Thermo Fisher) for 1 min. ProLong gold mounting media (Thermo Fisher, P36930) were used to secure coverslips. Antibodies used were GFP (1:1,000, ab13970), Tbr1 (1:100, ab31940), Tbr2 (1:100, ab23345), Ctip2 (1:100, ab18465), Satb2 (1:10, ab92446, Abcam), Cux1 (1:50, 13024), and Tuj1 (1:1,000, mms-435p, BioLegend).
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9

Western Blot Analysis of Transcription Factors

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Cell lysates were prepared in 1x SDS Sample Buffer (62.5 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 2%SDS, 42 mM DTT, 10% glycerol and 0.01% bromophenol blue; Cell Signaling Technology), sonicated to shear DNA and reduce viscosity and then heat denatured. Proteins were separated on 4%–20% SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes. Membranes were blocked with 5% milk and incubated with primary antibodies for 1 h at room temperature. Then the membranes were incubated with following primary antibodies at appropriate dilution in blocking buffer: ant-SATB1 (ab109122, Abcam 1: 10,000), anti-SATB2 (ab92446, sc-81376, 1:2000), anti-CDX2 (Abcam, 1:5,000), anti-OCT4 (sc-5279, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, 1:2,000), anti-GATA4 (sc-25310, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, 1:2,000), anti-FLAG (#14793, Cell Signaling Technology, 1:5,000) and ELF5 (sc-9645, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, 1:2,000). Anti-TUBA (MABT522, Millipore Sigma, 1:20,000), anti-ACTB (A5441, Millipore Sigma, 1:30,000) or anti-Histone H3 (ab1791, Abcam, 1:20,000) antibodies were used detect the expression of housekeeping genes as loading controls. Membranes were washed, blocked, and incubated with peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse, anti-rabbit, or anti-goat secondary antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) at a dilution of 1:5,000–2,0000, and immunoreactive signals were visualized using Luminata Crescendo Western HRP substrate (Millipore Sigma).
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10

Comprehensive Antibody Panel for Neural Development

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The following antibodies were used: rabbit anti-bromodeoxyuridine (1:1000; catalog #12304, Megabase Research Products); rat anti-Ctip2 (1:500; catalog #ab18465, Abcam); rabbit anti-Cux1 (1:300; catalog #sc-13 024, Santa Cruz Biotechnology); rabbit anti-Cux1 (1:1000; catalog #11733–1-Apr, Proteintech); rabbit anti-doublecortin (DCX; 1:1000; catalog #ab18723, Abcam); goat anti-GFP (1:500; catalog #600–101-215 M, Rockland); rabbit anti-Ki67 (1:500; catalog #AB9260, EMD); goat anti-Mcm2 (minichromosomal maintenance protein 2; 1:250; catalog #sc-9839, Santa Cruz Biotechnology); rabbit anti-Pax6 (1:500; catalog #GTX113241, GeneTex); mouse anti-phospho vimentin (1:500; catalog #D076-3, MBL); mouse anti-RFP (1:200; catalog #LS-C29691, LSBio); rabbit anti-Satb2 (1:2000; catalog #ab92446, Abcam); rabbit anti-Sox9 (1:1000; catalog #AB184547, Abcam); rabbit anti-Tle4 (1:500; catalog #ab140485, Abcam); and rabbit anti-Tbr2 (Eomes; 1:500; catalog #AB23345, Abcam). Fluorescent secondary antibodies were used at 1:1000 (Jackson ImmunoResearch).
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