2 2 dimethoxypropane

Chemicals used in this study were: Yeast Extract (Biokar Diagnostics, France); Peptone (Biokar Diagnostics, France); Glucose (Sigma, Germany); Chlormaphenicol (Biomatik, USA); Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (Sigma, Germany); Sodium Thiosulfate (Sigma, Germany); Sodium Phosphate (Sigma, Germany); Sodium Chloride (Sigma, Germany); 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) (Sigma, Germany); Methanol (Carlo-Herba, France); Hydrochloric acid 37% (Carlo Herba, France); n-Hexane (VWR chemical, France); Dichloromethane (VWR chemical, France); 2,2-dimethoxypropane (Sigma, Germany); Hydrochloric acid solution (Sigma, Germany); Sodium Methoxide solution (Sigma, Germany) and Nonadecanoic acid (Sigma, Germany).

Authentic standards for carotenoids (lutein, α-carotene, and β-carotene), free sugars (glucose, fructose, and sucrose), ascorbic acid, and phytosterols (campesterol, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fatty acid methyl esters were obtained from Supleco (Bellefonte, PA). Vitamin E standards were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade methanol, acetonitrile, ethanol, chloroform, n-hexane, iso-octane (2,2,4-trimethyl pentane), benzene, hydrochloric acid (HCl), and water were obtained from Avantor Performance Materials (Center Valley, PA, USA). Metaphosphoric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, Folin’s reagent, sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), gallic acid, aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl₃6H₂O), sodium nitrite (NaNO₂), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), catechin hydrate, 2,2-dimethoxy propane, n-heptane, sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), acetic acid, ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃6H₂O), potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium acetate trihydrate (C₂H₃NaO₂3H₂O), (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.

All chemicals used for the extraction and analysis of FAs, VitE, and phenolic compounds were of the HPLC-grade or at least ACS analytical grade. Acetonitrile, ethanol, methanol (MeOH), and iso-octane were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Deionized water was generated using the PURELAB Option-Q System (ELGA Lab Water, High Wycombe, UK). Potassium hydroxide, benzene, formic acid, and heptane were purchased from Junsei (Tokyo, Japan). Hexane was purchased from Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). Dichloromethane, 2,2-dimethoxypropane, and dimethyl sulfoxide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corp (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sulfuric acid, sodium sulfate anhydrous, and 0.1 N hydrochloric acid were purchased from Daejung Chemical and Materials Co., Ltd. (Gyeonggi-Do, Korea). Ascorbic acid was obtained from SANCHUN Chemical Co., Ltd. (Gyeonggi-Do, Korea). The 37 fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) standard mixture, pentadecanoic acid (C15:0, internal standard), VitE (4 tocopherols and 4 tocotrienols), and phenolic standards (STDs) were phurchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. We obtained 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA).

Cells were high-pressure frozen with 1-hexadecane (Sigma-Aldrich) as
cryoprotectant and freeze-substituted with 2% (w/v) osmium tetroxide
(Electron Microscopy Sciences) and 8% (v/v) 2,2-dimethoxypropane
(Sigma-Aldrich) in acetone for 5 days at −85 °C. Samples were
warmed-up to room temperature over 2 days and embedded in Spurr's resin
over 4 days. Resulting resin blocks were sectioned to ∼130 nm using a
Leica UC-6 microtome. Thin sections were collected in pre-cooled ethylene glycol
and mounted on copper grids. Dark-field electron imaging, EELS and EDX
spectroscopy were performed on a Tecnai G2 F20 X-Twin microscope equipped with a
field-emission electron source (operated at 200 kV), a Fishione HAADF
detector at 330 mm camera length (diffraction contrast+Z contrast)
for image acquisition in the STEM mode, a Gatan Tridiem imaging filter for
acquisition of energy-filtered images and an EDAX Genesis X-ray analyser.

Toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), glycerol (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 1,4-butanediol (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), 1,6-hexanediol (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), and chlorobenzene (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were used for the preparation of TDI-prepolymers, and cyclohexanone (ABCR, Karlsruhe, Germany) was used as a solvent. For the microcapsule synthesis, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was used as a core material, gum arabic (GA) (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was used as a surfactant and cyclohexanone (ABCR, Karlsruhe, Germany), was used as a solvent. For the coating’s preparation, polyol (LUMIFLON LF9716 fluoropolymer consisting of alternating fluoroethylene and vinyl ether segments with an OH value of 170 KOH/g, AGC Chemicals, Exton, PA, USA) and diisocyanate (Desmodur N3900 aliphatic isocyanate resin based on hexamethylene diisocyanate, Convestro, Leverkusen, Germany) were used, and 2,2-dimethoxypropane (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was used as a thinner.