The structures of compounds 1 –10 applied for the probing and feeding behavior experiments on M. persicae are presented in Scheme 1 and Scheme 2 . cis-Jasmone (1 ) and dihydrojasmone (2 ) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA) (cis-jasmone W319600 Sigma Aldrich), dihydrojasmone W376302 Sigma Aldrich). The hydroxyderivatives 3 and 4 were obtained in the process of microbial transformation of cis-jasmone (1 ) and dihydrojasmone (2 ), respectively, which was the content of the paper reported before [31 (link)]. Epoxyjasmone (5 ) and alkyl-substituted δ-lactones (7 ) and (8 ) were synthesized in the reaction with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid and were subsequently converted into oxyderivatives 6 , 9 , and 10 using the enzymatic system of wild fungal strains [32 (link)].
Cis jasmone
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Cis-jasmone is a naturally occurring organic compound that is commonly used in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. It is a colorless liquid with a characteristic floral aroma. Cis-jasmone is primarily utilized as a chemical intermediate in the production of various compounds, although its specific core function may vary depending on the intended application.
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4 protocols using cis jasmone
1
Probing Aphid Feeding Behavior
2
Preparation of Jasmonate Blends for Testing
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The pure compounds cis‐jasmone and methyl jasmonate were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich, and allylanisole from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All pure compounds were blended at a ratio of 1:1 (wt/wt), i.e., each compound represents half of the total dose tested. Pure compounds as well as their three blends were diluted in pure ethanol (Merck) at a ratio of 1:10 by volume. Subsequently, the respective amount of distilled water plus Triton X‐100 (0.05%; Sigma‐Aldrich) as surfactant was added to obtain a range of concentrations (0.1–2%). The control solution consisted of ethanol and distilled water with the surfactant at a ratio of 1:10.
3
Agrochemicals for Pest Management
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Actigard 50WG® was obtained from Syngenta (Fargo, ND, USA) as a water-dispersible granular formulation containing 50% active ingredient. cis-jasmone was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) as a soluble liquid formulation with 85% purity. Azadirachtin® (extracts from neem), as a 1.2% emulsifiable concentration, was obtained from Gowan Company (Yuma, AZ, USA). For both laboratory and field experiments, the chemicals were applied at concentrations of 0.75 ml/l (Actigard), 0.5 ml/l (cis-jasmone) and 2.88 ml/l (Azadirachtin), the concentrations recommended by manufacturers for agricultural use.
4
Feeding Deterrent Concentrations of Jasmonates
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Cis-jasmone and methyl jasmonate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Pure compounds were diluted in pure ethanol (96%; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) at a ratio of 1:10 (vol/vol). Subsequently, distilled water plus Triton X-100 (0.05% vol/vol; Sigma-Aldrich) as surfactant was added to obtain 15 and 50% feeding deterrent concentrations (FDC15 and FDC50), required to reduce feeding damage on the treated leaf disc by 15 or 50%, respectively, compared to control leaf disc in choice assays (Egger et al., 2014 (link)). For cis-jasmone, FDC15 was about 0.29% (hereafter referred to as ‘low concentration’) and FDC50 was about 0.66% (‘high concentration’); for methyl jasmonate, the low concentration was at about 0.08%, the high concentration at about 0.77%. The control solution consisted of ethanol and distilled water with the surfactant at a ratio of 1:10.
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