Sodium hyaluronate (0.48 MDa) was purchased from Bioland, Korea. 5ß-cholanic acid (CA), Formamide and Pyrene was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA. Fluorescent probe Flamma™FCI-774 (F774) and Flamma™FCR-552 (F552) were obtained from BioActs, Korea. 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA. N-N dimethyl formamide was purchased from Merck, Germany. 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) (MTS) was purchased from Promega, USA. Losartan potassium(Sigma Aldrich, USA), Angiotensin 2 human Sigma Aldrich, USA), Anti alpha smooth muscle actin antibody (abcam,Cambridge,UK),Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488) (abcam,Cambridge,UK), Goat anti-rabbit IgG (HRP) (abcam,Cambridge,UK), DAB chromogen (Dako, Agilent Technologies, Denmark). FL83B cell line was purchased from ATCC (Manassas,USA) and hHSC from ScienCell Research Laboratories (CA,USA). Hydroxyproline Assay kit (Chondrex,WA,USA). RPMI-1640 and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) were purchased from Thermo Scientific, USA. All other reagents were of analytical or chromatographic grade.
Losartan potassium
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
Losartan potassium is a medication used to treat high blood pressure. It belongs to a class of drugs known as angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). The core function of losartan potassium is to block the action of angiotensin II, a hormone that causes blood vessels to constrict, thereby reducing blood pressure.
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Lab products found in correlation
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Distilled water, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Irbesartan, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Telmisartan, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Pyruvate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Magnesium sulfate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Glutamine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
L kynurenine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Pyridoxal 5 phosphate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Calcium chloride, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Glucose, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
2 mercaptoethanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Potassium chloride (kcl), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium phosphate dibasic, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Trizma base, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium phosphate monobasic, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Valsartan, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
19 protocols using losartan potassium
1
Hyaluronic Acid-Based Theranostic Nanoparticles
2
Levonorgestrel Downregulation and Losartan Extinction
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Levonorgestrel (Sigma-Aldrich), a progestin-only HC shown to downregulate estradiol levels3 (link), was dissolved 1:1 in double distilled water and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Fisher Scientific) and administered subcutaneously (s.c.) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day 4 days prior to and throughout the fear conditioning protocol3 (link). Losartan potassium (Sigma-Aldrich), an AT1R antagonist, was dissolved in sterile saline and injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) at doses of 3 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg approximately 5 min before fear extinction8 (link).
3
STZ-Induced Diabetic Mice Treatment
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Six-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were supplied by the Orient Bio Inc (Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea). Animals were maintained at animal facilities at the Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, under a 12-h light, 12-h dark photoperiod. All animal experiments were carried out under a protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (LCDI-2012-0029) at Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University. After a week of adaptation, mice were injected intraperitoneally with 50 mg/kg/day STZ for five consecutive days. Age-matched control mice received an equal volume of vehicle. After one week after the fifth STZ injection, blood glucose levels were checked, and mice with blood glucose levels over 300 mg/dL were used for experiments. STZ-induced diabetic mice were treated orally with PCS extract (500 mg/kg/day) or vehicle (daily for 8 weeks), as described previously [18 (link),20 (link)]. Losartan potassium (Sigma-Aldrich) was orally administered (10 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks as a positive control.
4
Losartan Treatment in Mice
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Mice were treated with either losartan (Losartan Potassium, Sigma-Aldrich Co., Australia) or vehicle (water). Losartan Potassium was dissolved in the drinking water and mice had ad libitum access (0.25 g/L to correspond to a dose of 30 mg/kg). Losartan was prepared in fresh water daily for the duration of the protocol.
5
Neuronal Cell Culture Protocol
6
Synthesis and Characterization of Multifunctional Nanocarriers
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Bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane (BTSE), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), losartan potassium, gemcitabine, Waymouth's MB 752/1 medium were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The grade of losartan potassium was analytical standard and the impurities were ≤0.5% water. Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), concentrated ammonia aqueous solution (25 wt%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, wt 37%), and anhydrous ethanol were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). DSL/6A (rat pancreatic ductal cancer cell line) was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, USA). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Nanjing Keygen Biotech. Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). Fetal bovine serum (FBS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and penicillin–streptomycin solution was purchased from Gibco Laboratories (Invitrogen Co, Grand Island, NY, USA). Ultrapure water (resistivity 18.2 MΩ cm at 25 °C) was obtained from a Milli-Q system. All chemicals were analytical grade and used as received without further treatment.
7
Intracranial Drug Delivery Technique
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Injections were made using 10 μL-Hamilton syringes connected by PE-10 polyethylene tubing to a needle that was introduced into the brain through the guide cannula, as previously described (Sato et al., 1996 (link)). At the time of testing, metal obturators were removed, and the injection cannula (2 mm longer than the guide cannula) was inserted into the guide cannula. Injection volumes into the LV ranged from 1 to 2 μl, as described below. The metal obturators were replaced after injections.
Losartan potassium, AT1 receptor antagonist (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, United States), was administered at the dose of 66 µg/1 μl, as described previously (Sato et al., 1996 (link)), RU28318, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (Tocris Bioscience, Ellisville, MO, United States) was used at the dose of 100 ng/2 µl, as described previously (Kim et al., 1998 (link)), dissolved in 0.15 M NaCl (saline) and 1% ethanol in 0.15 M NaCl (vehicle).
Losartan potassium, AT1 receptor antagonist (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, United States), was administered at the dose of 66 µg/1 μl, as described previously (Sato et al., 1996 (link)), RU28318, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (Tocris Bioscience, Ellisville, MO, United States) was used at the dose of 100 ng/2 µl, as described previously (Kim et al., 1998 (link)), dissolved in 0.15 M NaCl (saline) and 1% ethanol in 0.15 M NaCl (vehicle).
8
DAA-I and Losartan Potassium Protocol
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Des-aspartate-angiotensin I (DAA-I) was purchased from Bachem AG, Switzerland. Losartan potassium was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. DAA-I was prepared as a stock solution of 1600 nmole/mL (in sterile water) and stored frozen till used. It was diluted 10 times prior to use. Similarly Losartan potassium was prepared as a stock solution of 100 nmole/mL (in sterile saline) and stored frozen till used. It was diluted 10 times prior to use. Prostaglandin E (PGE) metabolite EIA kits were purchased from Cayman Chemical Company, USA, and DuoSet ELISA kits for mouse IL-6 (DY406) and TNF-a (DY410) from R&D system, USA.
9
Angiotensin II Signaling in Renal Epithelial Cells
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A cell line of rat renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (ATCC, Washington, CO, USA) was cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM, ATCC), supplemented with 5% Calf Bovine Serum (CBS), 4 mM L-glutamine, penicillin (100 I.U./ml) and streptomycin (100 µg/ml) (ATCC). The culture was maintained at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. At confluence, the cells were washed and maintained in serum free DMEM for 48 h prior to the experiments. Viability was checked using the trypan blue exclusion method. The following reagents were used in the experiments: Angiotensin II (10−9 M), PD123319 (10−6 M), and losartan potassium (10−6 M)(Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany). In some combinations, losartan (10−6 M), PD123319 (10−6 M) or both blockers simultaneously were added to the cell cultures 1 h prior to the experiment. The experiment was divided into five groups: (1) control, (2) Ang II (10−9 M), (3) Ang II (10−9 M) + LOS (10−6 M), (4) Ang II (10−9 M) + PD123319 (10−6 M), (5) Ang II (10−9 M) + LOS (10−6 M) + PD123319 (10−6 M). The incubation was stopped at selected time points (6, 12, 24, and 48 h).
10
Diverse Compound Screening Protocol
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Purchased compounds included thiostrepton (Cayman#19200), losartan potassium (Sigma#61188), sulfathiazole (Sigma#S9876), N-laurylsarcosine (Sigma#L7414), captopril (Sigma#C4042) atracurium besylate (Cayman#17796), L-DOPA (Cayman#13248), idoxuridine (Cayman#20222), dyphylline (Cayman#17958), dapsone (Cayman#23743), pyrimethamine (Cayman#16472), hydroflumethiazide (Cayman#23612), recombinant human TGFβ1 (Peprotech#100-21), SB-431542 (Sigma#S4317). All compounds were suspended in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and final vehicle concentration was <0.1% (v/v).
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