β bisabolene

Ethanol absolute was obtained from Carlo Erba (Milan, Italy). Acetic acid, acetonitrile, methanol, and water (high performance liquid chromatography—HPLC grade) were purchased from VWR (Milan, Italy).
α-pinene, β-pinene, linalool, β-myrcene, terpinolene, caryophyllene, humulene, and β-bisabolene, gallic acid, p-OH benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, and rosmarinic acid (from Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany) standards were employed. Working standard mixtures were prepared by appropriate dilution of the standards in methanol. All solutions were stored at −20 °C in the dark.
Folin–Ciocâlteu’s reagent, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH˙), and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS˙⁺) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium carbonate, potassium persulfate, potassium hexacyanoferrate(III), trichloroAcetic acid, ferric chloride, and potassium phosphate monobasic were obtained from Carlo Erba (Milan, Italy).

Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin-streptomycin, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for cell culture were purchased from Gibco-BRL (Grand Island, NY, USA). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), Griess reagent, sodium nitrite solution, the 19 selected volatile compound standards (α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, sabinene, 3-carene, β-myrcene, α-phellandrene, α-terpinene, limonene, p-cymene, terpinolene, 2-nonanone, acetic acid, citronellal, bornyl acetate, thujopsene, β-chamigrene, (-)-β-bisabolene, and nerolidol) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). In addition, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H₂DCFDA) was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Antibodies against iNOS, p65, phospho-p65 (p-p65), and β-actin were obtained from Santa-Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). Materials for western blot were obtained from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA), and all other reagents and chemicals used were of analytical grade.