Citalopram clorhidrate (kindly donated by Psicofarma®, México, México) was dissolved in physiological saline solution to prepared doses of 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 or 10 mg/kg that were administered in a sub-acute schedule (3 injections/ −23, −5 and −1 h before FST) in a volume of 2 mL/kg. 17 α-ethynyl estradiol (Sigma-Aldrich, Toluca, México) was dissolved in corn oil and administered in a volume of 0.2 mL/rat 48 h before the FST at doses of 1.25, 2.5 or 5 µg/rat. The drugs were freshly prepared. The doses and latencies were chosen from previous studies [40 (link),41 (link),42 ,43 (link),44 (link),45 (link),46 (link),47 (link),48 (link),49 (link),50 (link),51 (link),52 (link),53 (link),54 (link),55 (link),56 (link),57 (link),58 (link),59 (link),60 (link),61 (link),62 (link),63 (link)].
17α ethynylestradiol
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
17α-ethynylestradiol is a synthetic estrogen used as a reference standard in analytical procedures. It is a white to pale yellow crystalline powder with the molecular formula C20H24O2. The compound is commonly used in research and development applications for the identification and quantification of estrogenic substances.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Estrone, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
4 hydroxyestrone, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
3 7a methyl 1 5 dioxooctahydro 1h inden 4 yl propanoic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
3 4c 13c e1, by Cambridge Isotopes (2 mentions)
2 2 azino bis, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Bisphenol a, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Triclosan, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Laccase from trametes versicolor, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Glutaraldehyde ga, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
β estradiol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Deuterated nmr solvents, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cholesterol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Testosterone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Fura 2 acetoxymethyl ester fura 2 am, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
17α estradiol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Triton x 100, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
3 4 5 dimethylthiazol 2 yl 2 5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide mtt, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Dexamethasone (dex), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Rankl, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Silver nitrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
9 protocols using 17α ethynylestradiol
1
Antidepressant and Estrogenic Effects Protocol
2
Trametes versicolor Laccase Activity
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Laccase from Trametes versicolor (>10 U/mg, powder), 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS; >98%), bisphenol A (BPA; ≥99%), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2; ≥98%), triclosan (TCS; analytical standard), and glutaraldehyde (GA; Grade II, 25% in H2O) were all obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Pelleted PA6 (B24, Mw 37000 g/mol) was obtained from BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany). All other reagents used were of analytical grade.
3
Microbial Transformation of Steroidal Estrogens
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The substrates, estrone (3-hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17-one) (1) , β-estradiol (3,17β-dihydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratriene) (2) , 17α-ethynylestradiol (17α-ethynyl-1,3,5(10) -estratriene-3,17β-diol) (3) , estrone 3-methyl ether (3-methoxy-1,3,5(10) -estratrien-17-one) (4) , were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. TLC and PTLC plates, deuterated NMR solvents and 5,7-dimethoxy-α-tetralone were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Archem supplied all other chemicals and reagents used. Solvents were of analytical grade.
The microorganism Isaria fumosorosea KCh J2 was obtained from the collection of the Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences (Wrocław, Poland). Isolation and identification procedures were described in our previous paper16 (link). The strain was maintained on Sabouraud 4% dextrose-agar slopes and freshly subcultured before use in the transformation experiments.
The microorganism Isaria fumosorosea KCh J2 was obtained from the collection of the Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences (Wrocław, Poland). Isolation and identification procedures were described in our previous paper16 (link). The strain was maintained on Sabouraud 4% dextrose-agar slopes and freshly subcultured before use in the transformation experiments.
4
Steroid and Lipid Quantification Protocol
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Cholesterol, E1, E2, E3, 4‐hydroxyestrone, 17α‐ethynylestradiol, HIP [also known as 3‐(7a‐methyl‐1,5‐dioxooctahydro‐1H‐inden‐4‐yl) propanoic acid] and testosterone were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA). PEA was prepared as described by Chen et al., 2017 (link). The [3,4C‐13C]E1 (99%) was purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Tewksbury, Massachusetts, USA). All other chemicals were of analytical grade and purchased from Honeywell Fluka (Loughborough, UK), Mallinckrodt Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA), Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and Sigma‐Aldrich.
5
Quantification of PBDEs and OH-PBDEs in Cells
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The 12 PBDEs and 18 OH-PBDEs used in this study are listed in Table 1 (see also Supplemental Material, “The full name of the 12 PBDEs and 18 OH-PBDEs”), and the structures are shown in Figure 1 . All PBDEs and OH-PBDEs (solid; purity ) were purchased from AccuStandard and were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to make stock solutions. (purity = 98%), ( ; purity = 98%), and ( ; purity = 98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. GPER agonist G1 (purity = 98%) and GPER antagonist G15 (purity = 98%) were purchased from Cayman Chemical Company. Calcium indicator fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester (fura-2 AM) and cAMP-Screen® System were purchased from Invitrogen. All solvents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and were used without further purification.
6
Osteoclastogenesis Assay Protocol
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Triton X-100, silver nitrate, naphthol AS-MX phosphate disodium salt, dexamethasone, glycerophosphate, ascorbic acid, 17α-Ethynyl estradiol, and 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). Isoflurane was obtained from Aesica Queenborough Limited (Kent, UK). Minimal essential medium alpha (MEM-α) was supplied by Gibco BRL (Grand Island, NY, United States). RANKL was obtained from PeproTech Inc. (Rocky Hill, NJ, United States). 10% formaldehyde solution was purchased from Macron Fine Chemicals (PA, United States).
7
Trout Endocrine Disruption Exposure Study
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The experimental method was previously described in details in Depiereux et al., [37 (link)]. Briefly, all-male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry were exposed from the onset of first feeding [Day 0 = D0 at 60 days post-fertilisation (dpf) to 136 dpf] to 5 nominal concentrations of 17α-ethynylestradiol (purity ≥ 98%, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany): 0 (solvent control), 0.01 μg/L, 0.1 μg/L, 1 μg/L and 10 μg/L, with 3 tanks per condition. The actual EE2 concentrations were measured in each tank at 6 time points using the Quantitative Ethynylestradiol Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) Kit (Marloie, Belgium) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Mean concentrations of EE2 ± SD were 0.08 ± 0.06 μg/l; 1.62 ± 1.74 μg/l and 9.88 ± 5.06 μg/l. The 0.01 μg/l EE2 concentration was under the detection limit (set at 0.02 μg/l). At the end of the exposure time, fish were anesthetized with MS-222 (140 mg/L) and sacrificed via incision of the spine. Thereafter, gonads were collected from all fish, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C until RNA extraction. Gonads from 10 fish were pooled to reach enough material for further analyses.
8
Steroid Hormone Extraction and Analysis
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All of the compounds were of high purity grade (>95% or higher). Steroid hormones; estrone, 17-estradiol and 17αethynylestradiol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). The physicochemical properties of these hormones (molecular formula and weight, pKa and log Kow) are given in Table 1. Stock solutions were prepared in acetonitrile and stored at -20˚С. Methanol and acetonitrile were of HPLC grade and acquire from Merck (Germany). Potassium dihydrogen phosphate was of analytical grade and supplied by Fluka (USA). Solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges, packed with 500mg/6mL of Cleanert PEP, were purchased from Agela Technologies (Torrance, USA).
9
Synthesis and Characterization of Steroid Compounds
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Chemicals E1, E2, E3, 4-hydroxyestrone, 17α-ethynylestradiol, and HIP, also known as 3-(7a-methyl-1,5-dioxooctahydro-1H-inden-4-yl) propanoic acid, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St.
Louis, Missouri, USA). PEA was prepared as described by Chen et al., 2017. The [3,4C-13 C]E1 (99%) was purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Tewksbury, Massachusetts, USA).
All other chemicals were of analytical grade and purchased from Honeywell Fluka (Loughborough, UK), Mallinckrodt Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA), Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), and Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States).
Louis, Missouri, USA). PEA was prepared as described by Chen et al., 2017. The [3,4C-13 C]E1 (99%) was purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Tewksbury, Massachusetts, USA).
All other chemicals were of analytical grade and purchased from Honeywell Fluka (Loughborough, UK), Mallinckrodt Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA), Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), and Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States).
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