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6 protocols using inh h151

1

Endothelial Cell Senescence Assays

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hRECs (PB-CH-160-8511, Pelo Bioscience) were maintained in EGM-2 MV medium (CC-3202, Lonza) under treatment conditions for 2 weeks. In addition to the 2 treatment conditions with 1000 U IFN-β (8499-IF-010, R&D Systems) and 33 μg/mL cGAMP (tlrl-nacga23m, InvivoGen), a control arm was performed. Meanwhile, the cells underwent 3 passages (p7–p9) and the medium was changed every other or every third day. After the last passaging step, cells were split into a 96-well plate for the readout assay.
Primary mRECs (C576065, Cell Biologics) were cultured in Complete Mouse Endothelial Cell Medium (M1168, Cell Biologics) at 37°C in an incubator containing 5% CO2. The medium was changed every other day until the cells were confluent for use. For the flow cytometry cell senescence assay and the ELISA experiment, mRECs were seeded in a 6-well plate at a concentration of 0.2 million cells per well. For the confocal imaging cell senescence assay, mRECs were seeded on a cell culture cover glass (NC0620709, Thermo Fisher Scientific) and laid on the bottom of a 24-well plate (3527, Corning) at 0.1 million cells per well. After 24 hours of incubation, mRECs were treated with 0.1% DMSO (control), cGAMP (20 μg/mL), STING inhibitor (2 μg/mL; inh-h151, Invivogen), or IFN-β (1000 U/mL; 12400-1, R&D Systems) for an additional 1, 2, or 4 days, respectively.
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2

Calcification Modulation in RH30 Cells

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RH30 cells are cultured in 24-well tissue culture plate at the concentration of 200,000 cells per well and allowed to adhere overnight (o/n) before o/n treatment with complete growth medium supplemented with following concentrations of CaCl2 and Na3PO4: Very Low CaP: 0.7575 mM CaCl2 and 5.63 mM Na3PO4, Low CaP: 1.095 mM CaCl2 and 6.13 mM Na3PO4; Moderate CaP: 1.77 mM CaCl2 and 6.63 mM Na3PO4 for different time points. Different reagents used in calcification experiments include Ru360 (557,440, Sigma-Aldrich), Antimycin A (A8674, Sigma-Aldrich), Carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl-hydrazone Ready Made Solution, FCCP (SML2959, Sigma-Aldrich), Universal Type I IFN Protein (Recombinant Human IFN-alpha A/D [BglII]), 11,200–1, R&D systems), H-151 (inh-h151, InvivoGen), and VBIT-4 (S3544, Selleckchem).
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3

Calcification Modulation in RH30 Cells

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RH30 cells are cultured in 24-well tissue culture plate at the concentration of 200,000 cells per well and allowed to adhere overnight (o/n) before o/n treatment with complete growth medium supplemented with following concentrations of CaCl2 and Na3PO4: Very Low CaP: 0.7575 mM CaCl2 and 5.63 mM Na3PO4, Low CaP: 1.095 mM CaCl2 and 6.13 mM Na3PO4; Moderate CaP: 1.77 mM CaCl2 and 6.63 mM Na3PO4 for different time points. Different reagents used in calcification experiments include Ru360 (557,440, Sigma-Aldrich), Antimycin A (A8674, Sigma-Aldrich), Carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl-hydrazone Ready Made Solution, FCCP (SML2959, Sigma-Aldrich), Universal Type I IFN Protein (Recombinant Human IFN-alpha A/D [BglII]), 11,200–1, R&D systems), H-151 (inh-h151, InvivoGen), and VBIT-4 (S3544, Selleckchem).
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4

Cytokine-induced Macrophage Activation

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THP-1 cells were differentiated with 100 ng/ml PMA (P1585,Sigma) for 24 h then treated with 100 ng/ml IFN-γ (300-02, PeproTect), or 50 ng/ml IL-6 (200-06, PeproTect), otherwise 20 ng/ml IL-4 (200-04, PeproTect) for another 24 h. RAW264.7s were incubated with 100 ng/ml IFN-γ (315-05, PeproTect), or 50 ng/ml IL-6 (216-16, PeproTect), or 20 ng/ml IL-4 (214-14, PeproTect), or 1 µg/ml LPS (L4524, Sigma)for 24 h. RAW264.7s and THP-1s were incubated with medium containing 1% (v/v) FBS for 24 h, after stimulation as indicated. Cell supernatants were harvested as conditional medium (CM) by centrifugation at 1500 g for 5 min to remove all the debris. If not otherwise indicated, small molecule compounds, inhibitors, agonists were added to the cells 2 h before stimulation using the following concentrations: 2 µm PP (CAS No.76296-75-8, Apexbio, Houston) for RAW264.7 and 1 µm PP for THP-1, 2 µm C-176 (S6575, Selleck) and 50 µg/ml DMXAA (S1537, Selleck) for RAW264.7, 1 µm H-151 for THP-1 (inh-h151, invivoGen).
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5

Measuring Type I IFN Levels in Mouse Retina

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Mouse IFN-α (42115-1, pbl Assay Science) and IFN-β (42410, pbl Assay Science) ELISA kits were used to measure the level of IFN-β in mouse retinal and primary mREC culture medium. Mice were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation. The retina was freshly isolated and sonicated in a sample buffer provided in the ELISA kit with 1% phosphatase and 1% protease inhibitors. The mREC culture medium was collected 4 days after cGAMP (20 μg/mL; vac-nacga23, Invivogen) and STING inhibitor (2 μg/mL; inh-h151, Invivogen) treatment. Following the kit instructions, the absorbance of each sample was measured by a microplate reader (BioTek Synergy H1 Hybrid reader) at 450 nm. Lastly, the IFN titer of the samples was determined by plotting the optical densities using a 4-parameter fit for the standard curve in GraphPad Prism 9 (version 9.3.1). The retinal explants from WT, STING-KO, and STINGGT mice were cultured in presence or absence of LG or HG as explained above and in a previous report (55 (link)). The spent media from the cultures were analyzed by ELISA for HMGB1 (Novus Biologicals, NBP2-62767) and IL-1β (Invitrogen, BMS6002) using commercially available kits and following the manufacturer’s guidelines.
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6

Evaluating Inhibitor Effects on Cell Transfection

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Cells were seeded onto sterile 96-well plates as described above. The cells were cultured overnight in media containing various concentrations of RU 521 (0.2 µg/mL, 1 µg/mL, 2 µg/mL, and 10 µg/mL, #inh-ru521, InvivoGen) or H-151 (0.5 µM, 1 µM, 5 µM, and 10 µM, #inh-h 151, InvivoGen) and then incubated with DNA or DNA–NP complexes. Experiments were carried out in triplicate. DNA treatments had a DNA concentration of 1 µg/mL. Cell treatments were carried out in Opti-MEM containing respective concentrations of RU 521 and H-151. After a 24-h incubation, the cell media was harvested and centrifuged at 3,000 rcf for 15 min to remove any cell debris. The supernatant was collected and stored at −20 °C until the ELISA was conducted.
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