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30 protocols using l ornithine

1

Macrophage Activation and Modulation

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At day 7 BMDMs were collected, plated and activated overnight as indicated. Peritoneal cells were obtained by peritoneal lavage with 5ml of PBS. Cells were plated and cultured overnight in complete RPMI 1640 medium (Corning) containing 10mM glucose, 2mM L-glutamine, 100U/ml penicillin/streptomycin, and 10% FBS at 37°C and 5% CO2. Cell were incubated overnight with the following treatments: IL-4 (20ng/mL, Peprotech), AOA (200μM, Sigma), Dimethyl-α-ketoglutarate (1mM, Sigma), EGCG (100μM, Sigma), GSH (10mM, Sigma), L-ornithine (1mM, Sigma), BCATc inhibitor (20μM, Cayman Chemical), Gabapentin (10μg/mL, Sigma), 3NPA (1.68mM, Sigma), Antimycin A (0.1μM, Sigma), Tempol (4mM, EMD Millipore), mitoquinol (200nM, Cayman Chemical), NAC (10mM, Sigma), MDIVI-1 (10μM, Sigma), NSC23766 (50μM, EMD Millipore) or ML141 (10μM, EMD Millipore) (Supplemntary Table. 2).
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2

Radioisotope Labelling of Carnitine and Ornithine

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L-[methyl-3H]carnitine and L-[2,3-3H]ornithine from Scopus Research BV Costerweg, Sephadex G-75, egg-yolk phospholipids (l-α phosphatidylcholine from fresh turkey egg yolk), PIPES, HEPES, Triton X-100, cardiolipin, L-carnitine, L-ornithine, sodium itaconate, dimethyl itaconate (DMI), N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy. All other reagents were of analytical grade.
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3

Gluconeogenic Precursor Screening in Hepatocytes

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Twenty-four hours after isolation, primary hepatocytes (plated in 12-well plates; 2.5 × 105 cells per well) were incubated for 9 hours with Dulbecco modified Eagle medium lacking glucose, pyruvate, glutamine, and phenol red (Gibco, Waltham, MA; A14430-01). Then cells were washed with PBS and treated for 20 hours with medium containing combinations of glucagon (100 nmol/L) and corticosterone (1 μmol/L) together with one gluconeogenic precursor (20 mmol/L): pyruvate (Biological Industries; cat# 03-042-1B), glycerol (Biolab; cat# 07120501), L-ornithine (Sigma-Aldrich; cat# O2375-5G), L-asparagine (Formedium, Norfolk, UK; DOC0114), L-tyrosine (Formedium; DOC0190), L-methionine (Formedium; DOC0166), L-aspartic-acid (Formedium; DOC0166), L-serine (Formedium; DOC0178), L-alanine (Formedium; DOC0102), L-histidine (Formedium; DOC0142), L-phenylalanine (Formedium; DOC0170). After 20 hours, 40 μL of medium was sampled, and glucose was measured using the glucose oxidase colorimetric method according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Sigma-Aldrich; GAGO20).
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4

Ornithine, Putrescine, and PLP Assay

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l-Ornithine, putrescine and pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP), polyacrylamide solution and 5,5-dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Co. (Saint Louis, MO, USA). 3-Methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride was obtained from Merck Co. (Darmstadt, Germany). All other chemicals were of analytical grade.
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5

Electrochemical Characterization of Arginine Metabolites

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Phosphate buffer saline solution (PBS) was made in-house and buffered to a pH of 7.3 using chemicals purchased from Fisher Scientific. NOHA was purchased from CALBIOCHEM. L-arginine was procured from Fisher Scientific. L-ornithine and L-citrulline were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. All experiments, unless indicated, were performed using a Gamry 600+ Potentiostat and a BASi C3 Static Cell Faraday cage. Gamry software was used to record data, and the collected data was graphically displayed using Excel.
Rotating disk electrode (RDE) experiments were performed in a three-electrode assembly within a Pine Research Wavedriver RDE system containing a glassy carbon working electrode, platinum auxiliary electrode, and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode.
For fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) experiments, carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFE) were prepared by pulling an 11 μm carbon fiber into a glass capillary. The glass capillary was pulled to a fine tip in a pipette puller and sealed using epoxy resin (Epon 828 with a 14% m-phenlylenediamine by weight). The electrode was then polished to a fine tip using a diamond wheel polish at a 45° angle prior to use. More details can be found in published resources.22 ,23 (link)
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6

Biogenic Amine Production by Lactobacillus sakei

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L. sakei HEM 224 was cultured in a special medium with some modifications at 37 °C for 48 h15 (link). Briefly, 1% of each precursor amino acids [l-tyrosine (Samchun Chemicals, Republic of Korea), l-histidine (Daejung Chemicals, Republic of Korea), l-ornithine (Sigma-Aldrich), and l-lysine (Samchun Chemicals)] was included in each decarboxylase medium to determine the production of tyramine, histamine, putrescine and cadaverine. The production ability was identified by color change of the pH indicator bromocresol purple in the medium.
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7

Hepatocyte Starvation Metabolism Assay

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For the starvation experiments the medium was replaced by HBSS supplemented with 10 mM HEPES and an antibiotic solution (Amresco) as previously described3 (link). Periportal hepatocytes transfected with corresponding siRNAs were incubated with 4 mM L-alanine at 37 °C for 4 h in the presence or absence (control) of 1 μM glucagon. All the experiments were done in the presence of L-ornithine (4 mM, Sigma) and contained pyruvate as a source of aspartate to provide additional nitrogen in urea31 (link)32 (link). At the end of the experiments, hepatocytes were harvested for urea, mRNA and proteins determination.
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8

Analytical Methods for Herbal Compound Profiling

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HPLC-grade methanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, methoxamine salt, pyridine, pentobarbital and N-paraffin mix used for calculating retention index were purchased from J&K Scientific Ltd. (Shanghai, China). HPLC-grade N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide and the standard substances including l-norvaline, l-lysine, l-tyrosine, l-phenylalanine, l-serine, l-valine, l-glutamic acid, l-alanine, l-proline, l-ornithine, d-glucose, sucrose, urea, lactic acid and fluoxetine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The standard products of the six herbs included in TSD were bought from Desite Company (Chengdu, China). Ultrapure water was prepared by the Milli-Q system (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany).
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9

GABA-AT Activity Assay with Recombinant PYCR1

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GABA, L-ornithine, PLP, α-ketoglutarate, NADH, and NADP+ were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich or Alfa Aesar. Human recombinant pyrroline 5-carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1) was purchased from Creative Biomart. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSDH) was purified from GABase, a commercially available mixture of SSDH and GABA-AT, using a known procedure.203 Ultraviolet (UV) absorption was measured using a Synergy H1 hybrid multimode microplate reader (BioTek, USA) with transparent 96-well plates or 384-well plates (Greiner Bio-One, USA). Compounds 1-15 were previously synthesized, characterized, and tested against human ornithine aminotransferase and used without further manipulation in the TgO/GABA-AT assay procedure.33 (link)
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10

Quantitative Polyamine Analysis in ESCC Cells

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The ESCC cells with/without Fn infection for 24 h were collected in 80% aqueous methanol. After ultrasonic treatment, the lysates were centrifuged, and the supernatant was dried and dissolved in 50 μL of 100 mM sodium carbonate. The chemical derivatization was initiated after adding 50 μL of 2% benzoyl chloride in acetonitrile. After derivatization, the sample was isometrically mixed with benzoyl-13C6 chloride-derivatized standards (as internal standards) prior to ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS) analysis. The UHPLC-MS/MS analysis was performed on an Agilent 1290 Infinity II UHPLC system coupled to a 6470A Triple Quadrupole mass spectrometer (Agilent, Santa Clara, United States).
The reagents used to prepare for standard solution, such as l-arginine, l-ornithine, putrescine, spermine, and spermidine, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. N1-acetylspermidine and N1-acetylspermine were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co (Shanghai, China).
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