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Nadph

Manufactured by AppliChem
Sourced in Germany

NADPH is a cofactor that plays a crucial role in various cellular processes. It serves as a reducing agent, providing electrons for essential enzymatic reactions. NADPH is involved in biosynthetic pathways, energy metabolism, and oxidative stress response within cells.

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12 protocols using nadph

1

Synthesis and Characterization of α-X-TMCs

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α-X-TMCs and other chalcones were prepared as described previously [20 (link), 21 (link)]. Z-α-p-OMe-C6H4-TMC was isolated from the E/Z-isomeric mixture of ~ 80:20 obtained by the same method as described before [21 (link)] in a yield of 15% by column chromatography on silica gel and preparative TLC using petroleum ether-EtOAc mixtures as the eluents (analytical data see supporting information). Other compounds were purchased from the following commercial sources and used without further purification: hemin and gelatin (from cold water fish skin) from Sigma-Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany), NADPH from AppliChem (Darmstadt, Germany), OPD (ortho-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride) from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium), bilirubin from Frontier Scientific (UK), Triton X-100 from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
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2

Murine Hepatic Cystine Metabolism

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Timed pregnant Swiss Webster mice were obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, DE, USA). Serum was from Atlanta Biologicals (Atlanta, GA, USA). NADPH was from Applichem (Darmstadt, Germany). Radiolabeled 14C-cystine was purchased from PerkinElmer (Boston, MA, USA). DCF was from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR, USA). All other chemicals were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
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3

Constructing PfTR Mutants via Mutagenic PCR

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All mutagenic polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
primers utilized in the construction of PfTR mutants were purchased
from Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, IA). The Quickchange
site-directed mutagenesis kit was purchased from Agilent Technologies
(Santa Clara, CA). Vent DNA polymerase, NdeI, SapI, T4 DNA ligase, E. coli ER2566 competent cells, and chitin-agarose beads
were purchased from New England Biolabs (Ipswich, MA). GSH-sepharose
4 Fast Flow, benzamidine sepharose, and 2′-4′-ADP-sepharose
resins were obtained from GE Healthcare (Waukesha, WI). Sephacryl
S-200 resin was purchased from Amersham Pharmacia (Uppsala, Sweden).
NADPH was obtained from AppliChem (Darmstadt, Germany). N-(Methyl)mercaptoacetamide, βME, and dl-α-lipoic
were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Bovine thrombin was purchased
from BioPharm Laboratories (Bluffdale, UT). l-Selenocystine
was from Acros Organics (Morris Plains, NJ). Hydrogen peroxide (30%
solution) and EDTA were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn,
NJ). All enzyme kinetic assays were performed on a Cary50 UV–vis
spectrophotometer (Cary, Walnut Creek, CA) and were conducted at
room temperature.
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4

Fatty Acid Quantification and Antibody Validation

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All of the fatty acids, i.e., EETs, EpOMEs and HDHAs were obtained from Cayman Chemicals Europe (Tallinn, Estonia). NADPH was from Applichem (Darmstadt, Germany) and tamoxifen was from Sigma Aldrich (Deisenhofen, Germany). Other chemicals were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) or Sigma Aldrich. The anti-Cyp2c44 antibody was generated as described [23 (link)], and the antibody directed against aquaporin 4 (AQP4) was from Santa Cruz (TX, USA), the antibody against CD31 was from BD biosciences (Heidelberg, Germany), the phospho histone 3 antibody was from Merck Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany), and the anti-ETS-related gene (ERG) antibody from Abcam (Cambridge, UK).
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5

Recombinant and Semisynthetic Enzyme Assays

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NADPH was purchased from AppliChem (Darmstadt, Germany). Dithionitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), sodium selenite and DEAE resin were all obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Phenyl sepharose resin was from Pharmacia-Amersham Biosciences (Uppsala, Sweden). Microcon Ultracel YM-50 ultra-filtration devices Millipore (Billerica, MA) were used for concentrating enzyme samples. Resin for peptide synthesis (2-chlorotritylchloride) was from Novabiochem (San Diego, CA). Fmoc amino acids were from Synbiosci Corporation (Livermore, CA), except for Fmoc-homocysteine, which was from Bachem (King of Prussia, PA). Primers for mTR3 mutants were from IDT (Coralville, IA). Plasmid pTYB3 and restriction enzymes were from New England Biolabs (Ipswich, MA). The production and purification of the recombinant and semisynthetic enzymes used in this study have been previously reported (6 (link), 19 (link), 24 (link), 25 (link), 30 (link)). The selenium content of the wild type (WT) semisynthetic enzyme is 91% as reported in (19 (link)). Enzyme kinetic assays were performed on a Cary50 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Walnut Creek, CA) and all enzymatic assays were conducted at room temperature unless otherwise noted. All other chemicals were from Fisher Scientific or Acros Organics (Morris Plains, New Jersey). Aryl disulfides were prepared by Watson Lees and others as described in (31 (link)–35 (link)).
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6

Phosphatidylcholine Binding and Assays

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Phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk (PC) (AppliChem, Darmstadt, Germany), tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-HCl buffer) (Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), sodium phosphate buffer (PBS) (Sigma–Aldrich, USA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA) (Sigma–Aldrich, USA), pyrene (Sigma–Aldrich, USA), eosin Y (Sigma–Aldrich, USA), glucose oxidase (Sigma–Aldrich, USA), catalase (Sigma–Aldrich, USA), bovine serum albumin fraction V (BSA) (Sigma–Aldrich, USA), aminoguanidine-HCl (Sigma–Aldrich, USA), D,L-glyceraldehyde (Sigma–Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland), D-glucose (Sigma–Aldrich, USA), and NADPH (Applichem, Darmstadt, Germany) were used.
TNIC-ThS (Na2[Fe2(S2O3)2(NO)4] 4H2O) was synthesized according to the procedure described in the work [22 (link)].
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7

Purification and Characterization of DmTR

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NADPH was purchased from AppliChem (Darmstadt, Germany). DEAE resin was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Phenyl sepharose resin was from Pharmacia-Amersham Biosciences (Uppsala, Sweden). Microcon Ultracel YM-50 ultrafiltration devices by Millipore (Billerica, MA) were used for concentrating enzyme samples. 2-chlorotritylchloride resin was from Novabiochem (San Diego, CA). Fmoc amino acids were from Synbiosci Corporation (Livermore, CA), except for Fmoc-homocysteine, which was from Bachem (King of Prussia, PA). CLEAR-OX resin was from Peptides International (Louisville, KY). Primers for DmTR mutants were from IDT (Coralville, IA), plasmid pTYB3, and restriction enzymes were from New England Biolabs (Ipswich, MA). The DmTR-SG construct was synthesized by Retrogen, Inc. (San Diego, CA). Enzyme kinetic assays were performed on a Cary50 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Walnut Creek, CA) and all enzymatic assays were conducted at room temperature unless otherwise noted. All other chemical were from Fisher Scientific (Fair lawn, NJ) or Acros Organics (Morris Plains, New Jersey).
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8

Synthesis and Characterization of Quinoline Antioxidant DEQ

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The synthesis of DEQ (6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline) was performed by the dealkylation of ethoxyquin exposed to hydrobromic acid [30 ] (Figure 1). The structure of DEQ was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chromatography-mass spectrometry. Phenazine methosulfate (PMS), reduced and oxidized forms of glutathione, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and NADPH were purchased from AppliChem GmbH (Germany). Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), 5,5′-Dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), hydrogen peroxide, and GR were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) chloride was purchased from Alfa Aesar (UK).
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9

Protein Purification and Characterization

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DMSO, BSA, human insulin solution, sodium selenite, kanamycin and streptomycin were from Sigma-Aldrich. l-Glutathione oxidized (GSSG, glutathione disulfide), l-Glutathione reduced (GSH) and NADPH were from AppliChem. DTT was from VWR. EDTA was from Thomasker. l-Cystine disodium salt and IPTG were from Thermo Fisher Scientific. l-glutamine and antibiotic PEN-STREP (penicillin and streptomycin) were from LONZA. Recombinant human HSP27 protein (ab4870) was purchased from Abcam. Protein concentrations were determined using the Pierce BCA assay kit. Protease inhibitor cocktail and phosphatase inhibitor mini tablets were from Thermo Fisher Scientific.
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10

Construction and Characterization of PfTR Mutants

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All mutagenic PCR primers utilized in the construction of PfTR mutants were purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, Iowa). The Quickchange site-directed mutagenesis kit was purchased from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, California). Vent DNA polymerase, NdeI, SapI, T4 DNA ligase, E. coli ER2566 competent cells, and chitin-agarose beads were purchased from New England Biolabs (Ipswich, MA). GSH-sepharose 4 Fast Flow, benzamidine sepharose, and 2′-4′-ADP-sepharose resins were obtained from GE Healthcare (Waukesha, WI). Sephacryl S-200 resin was purchased from Amersham Pharmacia (Uppsala, Sweden). NADPH was obtained from AppliChem (Darmstadt, Germany). N-(methyl)mercaptoacetamide, βME, and DL-α-lipoic were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Bovine thrombin was purchased from BioPharm Laboratories (Bluffdale, Utah). l-selenocystine was from Acros Organics (Morris Plains, New Jersey). Hydrogen peroxide (30% solution) and EDTA were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ). All enzyme kinetic assays were performed on a Cary50 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Walnut Creek, CA) and were conducted at room temperature.
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