Cell culture. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and primary normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) were obtained from Clonetics (Lonza, Slough, UK). HUVEC were maintained in endothelial basal medium (EBM-2) supplemented with EGM-2 SingleQuots (i.e., EGM-2 medium) whilst NHDF were maintained in fibroblast basal medium (FBM) supplemented with FGM-2 SingleQuots; all from Clonetics; Lonza (i.e., FGM-2 medium).
The co-culture system was set up using HUVEC (between passages 1-8) and NHDF (between passages 1-12) following the protocol established by Bishop et al (15) and adapted by Barron et al (14) . HUVEC and NHDF were mixed and seeded in 24-well plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific Nunc, Loughborough, UK) in EGM-2 medium. Co-cultured cells were incubated for up to 14 days at 37˚C in a 5% Co 2 in air humidified incubator.