Carpofen

Viral infusions and optic fiber implant surgeries took place under isoflurane anesthesia (Henry Schein). Mice were anesthetized in an isoflurane induction chamber at 3–4% isoflurane, and then injected with buprenorphine SR (Zoopharm, 0.5 mg/kg s.q.) and carpofen (Zoetis, 5 mg/kg s.q.) prior to the start of surgery. Mice were placed on a stereotaxic frame (Stoetling) and hair was removed from the scalp using Nair. The skin was cleaned with alcohol and a povidone-iodine solution prior to incision. The scalp was opened using a sterile scalpel and holes were drilled in the skull at the appropriate stereotaxic coordinates. Viruses were infused at 100 nl/min through a blunt 33-gauge injection needle using a syringe pump (World Precision Instruments). The needle was left in place for 5 min following the end of the injection, then slowly retracted to avoid leakage up the injection tract. Implants were secured to the skull with Metabond (Parkell) and Flow-it ALC blue light-curing dental epoxy (Pentron). After surgery, mice were allowed to recover until ambulatory on a heated pad, then returned to their homecage with moistened chow or DietGel available. Mice then recovered for three weeks before behavioral experiments and fiber photometry recordings began.