Pla l105

PLA L105 was purchased from Corbion Purac (Diemen, The Netherlands). This material, supplied in powder form, has a melt flow index of 65 g/10 min and a molecular weight of approximately 105,000 g/mol. The reagents used in this study include sodium hydroxide (NaOH; 30620, Honeywell Fluka^™, Mt Laurel, NJ, USA), hydrochloric acid (HCl; 131020, Panreac AppliChem, Darmstadt, Germany), citric acid (20282, VWR Chemicals, Fontenay-sous-Bois, France), and acetic acid (ACAC-GIA-2K5, Labkem, Barcelona, Spain).

Lignin was extracted from Prosopis juliflora (Sw.), collected from Gujarat, India. PLA-L105, which is named “PLLA” in the present paper, was purchased from Corbion^®, Amsterdam, Netherlands with M_W = 148 kg mol⁻¹, L-enantiomeric purity of 99.5%, and with a melting temperature T_m = 180–200 °C. MWCNT were obtained from nanocyl (NANOCYL^® NC7000), Sambreville, Belgium. C30B was made by Southern Clay Products^®, Gonzales, Texas, USA. rGO was synthesized using a previously reported procedure [39 (link)]. Graphite powder, KMnO₄, NaNO₃, H₂SO₄, and H₂O₂ (30%) were obtained from Merck^®, Mumbai, India.
The components were mixed in chloroform using a probe sonicator. For each composition, 1 wt% of lignin/chloroform mixture and 1 wt% of filler/chloroform (rGO, MWCNT, or C30B) was added into the PLLA/chloroform mixture. The sonicated mixture of PLLA/lignin/nanofiller was cast on a petri dish and dried in an air oven at 70 °C.
In this paper, the nanocomposites are named PLLA_lignin_X, with X being the filler. The respective weight percentages of lignin (y) and nanofiller (z) are indicated as (y:z). When nothing is mentioned, the ratio between lignin and nanofiller is (1:1).