DAMGO, quinidine, ketoconazole, morphine sulfate, and alprazolam were purchased from MilliporeSigma (St Louis, MO). Mitragynine, 7-hydroxyMitragynine, midazolam, 1′-hydroxymidazolam, sulfaphenazole, and NADPH were obtained from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI). Diclofenac, 4′-hydroxyDiclofenac, dextromethorphan, and dextrorphan were obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals, Inc. (Toronto, Canada). Potassium phosphate buffer salts were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ). Human liver microsomes were obtained from XenoTech, LLC (H0604, mixed gender, pool from 15 donors, lot no. 1010191; Kansas City, KS). All other chemicals and reagents used were analytical grade.
4 hydroxydiclofenac
Manufactured by LGC
Sourced in Canada
4'-hydroxydiclofenac is a chemical compound that is commonly used as a reference standard or analytical reagent in various laboratory applications. It is a metabolite of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. This product is intended for research use only and not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Dextromethorphan, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Diclofenac, by LGC (2 mentions)
Dextrorphan, by LGC (2 mentions)
Telmisartan, by LGC (2 mentions)
Bac to bac baculovirus expression system, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Mouse monoclonal anti or antibody, by Santa Cruz Biotechnology (2 mentions)
4 hydroxytolbutamide, by LGC (2 mentions)
Dextrorphan, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Dehydronifedipine, by LGC (2 mentions)
Nifedipine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetaminophen, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Diclofenac, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Quinidine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sulfaphenazole, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Midazolam, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Mitragynine, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Dextromethorphan, by LGC (1 mentions)
Nadph, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
1 hydroxymidazolam, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
7 hydroxymitragynine, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
7 protocols using 4 hydroxydiclofenac
1
Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Inhibition Assay
2
Recombinant Protein Production in Insect Cells
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Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf)21 insect cells, Sf‐900™ III SFM insect culture medium, Cellfectin transfection reagent, Grace's Insect Medium, fetal bovine serum, and the Bac‐to‐Bac Baculovirus Expression System were purchased from Invitrogen. Restriction enzymes were obtained from Takara Bio. Rabbit polyclonal anti‐CYP2C9 antibody was obtained from AbD Serotec. The mouse monoclonal anti‐OR antibody was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Diclofenac and chlorpropamide were obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Tolbutamide, losartan, and E‐3174 were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich. 4‐hydroxyDiclofenac, 4‐hydroxyTolbutamide, and telmisartan were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. High‐performance liquid chromatography‐grade solvents were purchased from Fisher Scientific Co. All the other chemicals and solvents were of the highest grade or analytical grade that were commercially available.
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Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf)21 insect cells, Sf‐900™ III SFM insect culture medium, Cellfectin transfection reagent, Grace's Insect Medium, fetal bovine serum, and the Bac‐to‐Bac Baculovirus Expression System were purchased from Invitrogen. Restriction enzymes were obtained from Takara Bio. Rabbit polyclonal anti‐CYP2C9 antibody was obtained from AbD Serotec. The mouse monoclonal anti‐OR antibody was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Diclofenac and chlorpropamide were obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Tolbutamide, losartan, and E‐3174 were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich. 4‐hydroxyDiclofenac, 4‐hydroxyTolbutamide, and telmisartan were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. High‐performance liquid chromatography‐grade solvents were purchased from Fisher Scientific Co. All the other chemicals and solvents were of the highest grade or analytical grade that were commercially available.
3
Comprehensive Metabolic Enzyme Profiling
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Trans-resveratrol (tRVT, purity ≥ 99%), cis-resveratrol (cRVT, purity ≥ 98%), dehydronifedipine, diclofenac, 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone, 4-hydroxydiclofenac, 4-hydroxymephenytoin, S-mephenytoin, midazolam, mycophenolic acid (MPA), nifedipine, CDCA-24-acyl-β-glucuronide, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy camptothecin (SN-38) glucuronide, MPA-β-d -glucuronide, and N-acetylserotonine (N-ASER)-β-d -glucuronide were obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, ON, Canada). Acetaminophen, amodiaquine, bupropion, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), chlorzoxazone, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, 6-hydroxybupropion, 7-hydroxycoumarin, N-ASER, N-desethylamodiaquine, naloxone, nifedipine, phenacetin, trifluoperazine (TFP), estrone-β-d -glucuronide, naloxone-β-d -glucuronide, and TFP-β-d -glucuronide were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). SN-38 and 1′-hydroxymidazolam were provided by Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA) and Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), respectively. Pooled HLMs (XTreme 200) were purchased by XenoTech (Lenexa, KS, USA). rP450 (rCYP3A4, rCYP2E1, rCYP2C19, and rCYP1A2) were obtained from SPMED (Busan, Korea).
4
Quantitative Bioanalysis of Xenobiotic Metabolites
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Progesterone (P), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17α-OHP), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), human growth hormone (hGH), bovine serum albumin (BSA), phenacetin, S-mephenytoin, dextromethorphan hydrobromide monohydrate, testosterone, 6β-hydroxy testosterone, acetaminophen, and all solvents of the highest purity LC–MS/MS grade were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Inc. (St. Louis, MO). Diclofenac sodium salt and dextrorphan-d-tartrate were purchased from MP Biomedical Inc. (Solon, OH, USA). 4-Hydroxy diclofenac, (S)-4-hydroxy mephenytoin, and deuterated internal standards for the respective metabolites acetaminophen-D4, 4-Hydroxy diclofenac-D4, ( ±)-4-hydroxy mephenytoin-D3, dextrorphan-D3 tartrate salt, and 6β-hydroxy testosterone-D3 were procured from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. (Ontario, Canada). Cell lysis buffer was purchased from Roche Diagnostics Corporation (Indianapolis, IN). Rabbit anti-human primary monoclonal antibodies against CYP3A4 and β-actin and anti-rabbit IgG linked with horseradish peroxidase were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Danvers, MA). Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane was obtained from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA). Enhanced chemiluminescence substrate was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Rockford, IL).
5
Baculovirus-Mediated Recombinant Protein Expression
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Materials and kits were purchased from the following sources: TIANamp Blood DNA Midi Kit (TIANGEN, Beijing, China); PrimeSTAR HS DNA polymerase and restriction enzymes (Takara Bio, Inc.; Otsu, Shiga, Japan); Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf)21 insect cells, Sf-900TM III SFM insect culture medium and Bac to-Bac Baculovirus Expression System (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, United States); Mouse monoclonal anti-OR antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, Texas, United States); Rabbit polyclonal anti-CYP2C9 antibody (Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom); Super Signal West Pico Trial Kit (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL, United States); 4-Hydroxytolbutamide, 4-hydroxydiclofenac, and telmisartan (Toronto Research Chemicals, Inc.; Toronto, Ontario, Canada); Diclofenac and chlorpropamide (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan); Tolbutamide, losartan and E-3174 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States); NADPH-regenerating system (Promega, Madison, WI, United States); High-pressure liquid chromatography-grade solvents (Fisher Scientific Co.; Fair Lawn, NJ, United States). All other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade or the highest commercially available quality.
6
Characterization of Ginseng Extract Bioactive Compounds
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Caffeine, diclofenac, dextromethorphan, nifedipine, omeprazole, digoxin, furosemide, metformin, methotrexate, valsartan, and berberine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Paraxanthine, 4-hydroxy diclofenac, dextrorphan, dehydronifedipine, and 5-hydroxy omeprazole were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. (North York, ON, Canada). All other chemicals and solvents are of reagent and HPLC grades.
RGE was obtained from Punggi Ginseng Cooperative Association (Punggi, Korea). RGE contains >60% of dried ginseng and total ginsenosides of 18.9 mg/g. This product was produced in the facilities under the current guidelines of the Korea Good Manufacturing Practice (Lot No. 71921092). Individual ginsenoside content is provided inTable 1 .
RGE was obtained from Punggi Ginseng Cooperative Association (Punggi, Korea). RGE contains >60% of dried ginseng and total ginsenosides of 18.9 mg/g. This product was produced in the facilities under the current guidelines of the Korea Good Manufacturing Practice (Lot No. 71921092). Individual ginsenoside content is provided in
7
Hepatocyte Xenobiotic Metabolism Profiling
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Ketoprofen, zidovudine, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, diclofenac, repaglinide, carbazeran, irinotecan, telmisartan, and quinidine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Lorazepam, naloxone, 4′-hydroxydiclofenac, diclofenac-glucuronide, 3-hydroxyquinidine, 4-hydroxycarbazeran, naloxone-glucuronide, efavirenz, 7-hydroxyefavirenz, telmisartan-glucuronide, and posaconazole were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, Canada). Cryopreserved hepatocyte recovery medium, William's E medium, primary hepatocyte plating supplements, primary hepatocyte maintenance supplements, and human hepatocytes (lot: Hu8264) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Grand Island, NY, USA). Oxazepam, midazolam, and 1′-hydroxymidazolam were synthesized at F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. (Basel, Switzerland). All CN Bio components (controller, docking station, and drivers) and consumables (LC-12 plates) were acquired from CN Bio Innovations (Cambridge, UK) (Fig. S1 †).
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