Gc 17a gas chromatograph system

Fatty acid profile of the emulsions was determined according to the standard AOAC procedure [34 ] with some modification using a Shimadzu GC-17A Gas Chromatograph system (Shimadzu, Scientific Instruments, Inc., Columbia, MD, USA) equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and Shimadzu Class-VP Software. A fused silica capillary column (Omegawax™ 320, 30 m × 0.32 mm ID × 0.25 µm film thickness) was used for the separation. The initial temperature of the column was set at 165 °C for 10 min followed by increasing to 200 °C with a rate of 1.5 °C/min. Individual fatty acids were determined by comparison to the retention times of a mixture of fatty acid methyl ester (FAMEs) standard.

Entrapment efficiency of the nanoemulsions was determined according to previous research^{18 (link)}. It was found that linoleic acid (LA) is the crucial fatty acid in hemp seed oil^{18 (link)} so that it can be used as a marker for analyzing the entrapment efficiency. For this purpose, the prepared samples were centrifuged at 12,500 rpm at 20 °C for 15 min to precipitate the particles in the emulsion system. After the centrifugation, the untrapped hemp seed oil was collected from the supernatant. The fatty acid percentages including LA in the supernatant and in the original hemp seed oil were determined by a Shimadzu GC-17A Gas Chromatograph system (Shimadzu, Scientific Instruments, Inc., Columbia MD) equipped with a flame ionization detector using a fused silica capillary column (Omegawax 320, 30 m × 0.32 mm ID × 0.25 µm film thickness). The initial temperature of the column was set at 165 °C for 10 min followed by increasing to 200 °C with a rate of 1.5 °C/min. The entrapment efficiency (EE) of linoleic acid (LA) concentration were determined by comparing the amount of unencapsulated LA (i.e. in the supernatant) with the initial amounts of LA in hemp seed oil as shown in Eq. (10), wherein the amounts of unencapsulated LA and total LA were calculated based on the chromatogram peak area. $$Entrapmentefficiency\left(\%\right)=\left(1-UnencapsulatedLA/TotalLA\right)\times 100\%$$