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40 protocols using sc7620 mini sputter coater

1

Stomatal Aperture and Trichome Analysis

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Fresh leaf samples were obtained and prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the stomatal aperture and trichome morphology. The leaf samples were exposed to sunlight for 30 min and then frozen at −45 °C and lyophilized by a Freeze Dryer LZ-9 “Frigera Ltd.,” Brno–Chernivice, (Czech Republic). The adaxial surface was sprayed with a gold/palladium target using a Mini Sputter Coater SC7620 vacuum deposition unit (Quorum Technologies, Laughton, East Sussex, UK) with a 30 s spraying mode at 18 mA. The samples were analyzed using an EVO-40 XVP SEM, Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany at an accelerating voltage of 10–15 kV. The stomatal density was counted by encircling the similar area of all the samples and presented as average. The stomatal openings and trichome areas were measured by ImageJ software.
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2

Scanning Electron Microscopy of Hydrogels

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The hydrogels were dialyzed and freeze-dried for scanning electronic microscopy analysis (Zeiss Ultra Plus, Oberkochen, Germany). This microscope had a resolution of 0.8 nm and a beam voltage of 0.1 to 30 kV. The samples were analyzed after whipping in a Mini Sputter Coater SC7620 (Quorum Technologies Ltd, Laughton, East Sussex, UK) by gold in approximately a 10 to 20 nm thickness. The samples were measured at 25 °C using the SE2 detector and processed by software SmartSEM V05.06 (1 kV, aperture: 15 μm, magnitude 100–500×).
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3

Electron Microscopy Sample Preparation

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Samples were fixed in 2% formaldehyde, 2.5% glutaraldehyde (Sigma Aldrich, G5882) in 0.1 M cacodylate (Sigma Aldrich, C0250) for 24 h. Samples were rinsed with 0.1 M cacodylate, dehydrated in a graded ethanol series, and dried in hexamethyldisilazane (Sigma Aldrich, 440191). Samples were sputter-coated with a thin gold layer (SC7620 Mini Sputter Coater, Quorum Technologies) prior to observation on a scanning electron microscope (JSM-IT200, JEOL).
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4

Surface Topography Analysis of Samples

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The surfaces of the samples were sputter-coated with gold to a layer of thickness approximately 60 Å in a vacuum evaporator coater (SC7620 Mini Sputter Coater, Quorum Technologies Ltd., West Sussex, United Kingdom). The upper surface topography of the 2-mm-thick samples was examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM; JSM-6390LV, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) at 500× and 1000× magnifications and 20 kV of accelerating voltage.
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5

Antimicrobial Effects of Propolis and Chitosan

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E. faecalis biofilm was grown on glass coverslips placed in 6-well plate and treated with 100 μg/mL of propolis Eth extract, EA extract or chitosan-propolis nanoparticles for 24 hours. The biofilm on the coverslips was fixed with 2.5% (v/v) glutaraldehyde and the samples were serially dehydrated, air-dried, sputter coated with gold (SC7620 Mini Sputter Coater, Quorum Technologies, UK) and viewed with a scanning electron microscope (TM3000 Tabletop Scanning Electron Microscope, Hitachi, Japan). Data are representative of at least three independent experiments.
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6

SEM Analysis of Nanofiber Diameters

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SEM micrographs of the prepared formulations coated with a sputtered gold/palladium layer (SC7620 Mini Sputter Coater, Quorum Technologies, Lewes, UK) were obtained on Nova NanoSEM 450 scanning electron microscope set to 5 kV. Mean values for fibre diameter and related distribution were estimated from SEM images, facilitated by measuring the diameters of fifty randomly selected nanofibers with the aid of image analysis software (ImageJ 1.46r; 2012).
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7

Preparing Samples for SEM Imaging

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To perform scanning electron microscopy, mixed-stage populations were collected from plates containing the pathogen, washed twice with M9 and fixed for 3 hours at room temperature in a solution containing 3% glutaraldehyde (Sigma) in M9. Fixed animals were then washed twice in M9 and dehydrated gradually from 15% to 100% ethanol. Samples were dried in a critical point dryer (K850, ProSciTech) and coated with gold/palladium for 90s using the SC7620 Mini Sputter Coater (Quorum technologies). The samples were imaged in a JEOL JSM-6390 scanning electron microscope using 5 to 25 kVolt acceleration voltage.
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8

Microstructural Analysis of Formulated Particles

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Microstructural attributes of the formulated particles were investigated by scanning electron microscopy using Philips SEM 515 (Philips, Eindhoven, The Netherlands). Samples were analyzed after being attached to the SEM stubs and coated with a thin layer of gold in SC7620 Mini Sputter Coater (Quorum Technologies Ltd., Laughton, East Sussex, UK). SEM was performed at 20 kV acceleration voltage and 5000× magnification.
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9

Torus-Aperture Overlap in Wood Tracheids

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Branch samples, with 5–6 annual rings, were collected from all provenances and incubated in 70% ethanol. The samples were split in half and small and thin longitudinal sections were cut with a razor blade. These were then oven dried overnight at 65°C. Sections were mounted on aluminum stubs using double sided adhesive and coated with gold-palladium for 90 s at 20 mA using a sputter coater (SC7620 mini sputter coater, Quorum). All samples were observed with a field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM JCM-6000 bench-top scanning electron microscope, JEOL) with an accelerating voltage of 15 kV. Early wood inter-tracheid pit membranes where the pit aperture underneath the torus is clearly visible were photographed. The photos were analyzed to determine torus diameter and pit aperture area using ImageJ software. A minimum 24 pits per provenance were analyzed for torus-aperture overlap [(torus diameter – pit aperture)/torus diameter] following Delzon et al. (2010) (link).
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10

Particle Size Analysis of Biomaterials

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Mean particle size and particle size distribution of hydroxyapatite and silk fibroin powders were determined using dynamic light-scattering particle size analysis (Horiba LA-300, Horiba Instruments Inc., New York, USA). Pre-measured samples of either HA or SF powders (n = 3) were dispersed in 70% isopropanol and sonicated for 2 minutes at 15% amplitude (Misonix Sonicator S-4000, Qsonica Inc., Newtown, CT) prior to particle analysis to break up powder aggregates. Grain size and morphology of the HA or silk fibroin powders was visualized using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM Ultra55, Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany). Dry power samples (n = 3) were sputter coated (SC7620 mini sputter coater, Quorum Technologies, Kent, UK) with gold (5-10 nm) and imaged at a voltage of 5 kV. Phase composition of hydroxyapatite and silk fibroin powder samples (n = 2) was analyzed using a Scintag PAD X powder x-ray diffractometer with a Peltier cooled Si(Li) solid state detector with 0.5 mm scatter slit and 0.2 mm receiving slit. A CuKα x-ray source (wavelength 1.54 Å) was operated at a voltage of 45 kV and a current of 40 mA. Samples were scanned at a rate of two degrees per minute.
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