Emim oac

All reagents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Gillingham, UK). [EMim][MeSO₃], [EMim][HSO₄], and [EMim][OAc] were purchased from Sigma Aldrich with a minimum purity of 95%. ¹H, ¹³C, HSQC, HMQC, and HMBC NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker 400 MHz NMR spectrometer. Chemical shifts (δ) were reported in ppm, the DMSO signal at 2.500 (¹H dimension) and 39.520 (¹³C dimension). Mass spectrometry was measured by Dr Lisa Haigh (Imperial College, London, Chemistry Department, London, UK) on a Micromass Premier spectrometer (Waters, Milford, MA, USA).

All chemicals used were reagent grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), unless otherwise noted. [EMIM]OAc, also known as [C₂C₁im]OAc, was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received. All strains and plasmids used in this work are listed at http://public-registry.jbei.org and are summarized in Additional file 5: Table S4. E. coli DH10B (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) was used for cloning and manipulation of plasmids. Except for the experiments described in Table 1 from the Keio Collection, all IL tolerance assays were conducted with E. coli DH1. Mutants from the Keio collection were tested against the BW25113 wild-type strain. Plasmids were constructed using isothermal assembly with 40 bp overlapping homologous sequences and plasmid sequences were verified with restriction endonuclease digestion and Sanger Sequencing (Quintara Biosciences, Albany, CA). We defined the promoter sequence of the cydDC operon as the immediate upstream ~ 500 bp of cydC. Plasmid transformation was conducted as previously described [60 (link)] or else as expressly indicated.