HepG2, SMMC7721, and L02 cells were treated under the following conditions: 95%
air with 5% CO2, 1.7% sevoflurane (Abbott, Abbott Park, IL, USA)
mixed with 95% air and 5% CO2, 3.4% sevoflurane mixed with 95% air and
5% CO2, or 5.1% sevoflurane mixed with 95% air and 5% CO2.
Cells in the exponential growth phase were seeded in plates and cultured in a
CO2 incubator (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
According to an experimental protocol described previously18 ,19 , cell
culture plates were placed in an airtight glass chamber with inlet and outlet
connectors. The inlet port of the chamber was connected to an anesthesia machine
(Cicero EM 8060; Dräger, Lübeck, Germany), and sevoflurane was delivered into
the chamber using a sevoflurane vaporizer (Sevorane; Abbott) attached to the
anesthesia machine. A gas monitor (PM 8060; Dräger) installed with an anesthetic
machine at the chamber exit port was used to detect the concentrations of
sevoflurane in the chamber. After being exposed to various concentrations of
sevoflurane for 6 h, the cells were grown at 37°C in a CO2 incubator
for an additional 24 h and then assayed for cell migration and invasion or
subjected to molecular analyses.
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