Axial biomechanics are reflective of physiological loading and were used to evaluate NP pressurization, AF tension, and IVD laxity. Creep is known to be sensitive to alterations in short and long-time viscoelastic behaviors. Axial and creep testing used an ElectroForce 3200 instrument (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE). Samples were hydrated in PBS with protease inhibitor tablets (ThermoScientific, Rockford, IL). Motion segments underwent 20 cycles ±8N of tension-compression at 1Hz followed by 60 minutes of compressive creep at −8N and 30 minutes of unloaded rehydration. Compressive stiffness, tensile stiffness, axial range of motion, and axial hysteresis were calculated from the 20th cycle in MATLAB (Figure 3B ). Three independent reviewers manually calculated neutral zone (NZ) length and stiffness. Samples with undetectable NZ were excluded from NZ stiffness analysis. Creep was analyzed with MATLAB code measuring total displacement and applying a 5-parameter viscoelastic solid model to calculate elastic response (Se), fast response (τ 1 and S1), and slow response (τ 2 and S2) time constant and stiffness parameters, respectively (39 (link)) (Figure 3C ).
Electroforce 3200
Manufactured by TA Instruments
Sourced in United States
The ElectroForce 3200 is a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) instrument designed for material characterization. It applies controlled forces or displacements to samples and measures the resulting deformation or force. The ElectroForce 3200 is capable of testing a variety of materials, including polymers, composites, and biological samples.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
250 g load cell, by TA Instruments (2 mentions)
Protease inhibitor tablet, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
C57bl 6 mice, by Inotiv (1 mentions)
C57bl 6j mice, by Jackson ImmunoResearch (1 mentions)
Plasma pdc 001, by Harrick (1 mentions)
C57bl 6j bl6, by Jackson ImmunoResearch (1 mentions)
C57bl 6j trem2em2adiuj j, by Jackson ImmunoResearch (1 mentions)
Geminisem 500, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Physical mcr 301, by Anton Paar (1 mentions)
Mrl mpj, by Jackson ImmunoResearch (1 mentions)
C57bl 6j, by Jackson ImmunoResearch (1 mentions)
Thincert, by Greiner (1 mentions)
Cam 200, by Biolin Scientific (1 mentions)
37 protocols using electroforce 3200
1
Biomechanical Analysis of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
2
Tibial Compression in C57Bl/6 Mice
3
CNC-PA6 Nanocomposite Fabrication and Characterization
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The experimental work to validate the model was presented in a previous
study.40 (link) Herein, we summarize the procedure, and readers are encouraged
to see the previous study for detailed information.
PA6 was dissolved in formic acid, and then CNC was added to the suspension based on
the target concentration. The prepared suspension was kept under agitation for
approximately an hour. The prepared suspension was sonicated for 45 min before the
spinning process. 2 mL of the suspension was cast on a rectangular glass substrate,
and the glass substrate was spun at 2000 r/min for 15 s and at 3000 r/min for
30 s.
CNC-PA6 nanocomposite samples were tested using TA Instrument ElectroForce 3200 with
10 N load cells. The elastic modulus of samples was calculated from the linear
region of the stress-strain curve and reported for comparison of the model
predictions and experimental results.
study.40 (link) Herein, we summarize the procedure, and readers are encouraged
to see the previous study for detailed information.
PA6 was dissolved in formic acid, and then CNC was added to the suspension based on
the target concentration. The prepared suspension was kept under agitation for
approximately an hour. The prepared suspension was sonicated for 45 min before the
spinning process. 2 mL of the suspension was cast on a rectangular glass substrate,
and the glass substrate was spun at 2000 r/min for 15 s and at 3000 r/min for
30 s.
CNC-PA6 nanocomposite samples were tested using TA Instrument ElectroForce 3200 with
10 N load cells. The elastic modulus of samples was calculated from the linear
region of the stress-strain curve and reported for comparison of the model
predictions and experimental results.
4
Compression Testing of Composite Hydrogels
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To perform compression testing, biphasic and triphasic composite hydrogels were cut with a mould to obtain 2 mm thick discs of approximately 6 mm diameter. Compression tests were performed with the ElectroForce 3200 (TA instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) using a 1N load cells, applying a maximum displacement of 0.2 mm. For each sample, a load (F) vs displacement (δL) curve was plotted. Stress (σ) and strain (ε) were calculated using equations 1 and 2, respectively, and used to plot the stress vs strain curves, thereby facilitating the calculation of the Young’s modulus (E) using Equation (3), where the stress over strain parameter is determined from the linear fit of the plotted data.
where A is the cross-sectional area of the sample and L is the initial sample thickness.
where A is the cross-sectional area of the sample and L is the initial sample thickness.
5
Evaluating Fracture Mechanical Properties
6
Tensile Characterization of Biomimetic Patches
7
Murine Tibial Biomechanical Evaluation
8
Tibial Compression Overload in Aging Mice
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Right knee joints of 10-week-old and 62-week-old C57BL/6J mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA; Stock No: 000664) received a single non-invasive tibial compression overload at 1 mm/s displacement rate until ACL rupture using an electromagnetic material testing system (ElectroForce 3200, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA), as previously described [8 (link),10 (link),19 (link)]. Buprenorphine was administered immediately post-injury (0.01 mg/kg) for pain relief. All animal experimental procedures were completed in accordance with the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) guidance at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the University of California, Davis in AAALAC-accredited facilities under protocol 168 approved in February 2019.
9
Mechanical Stimulation of Cartilage Explants
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Cartilage explants, immersed in culture media, were subjected to a range of loading regimes (2.5 MPa, 5 MPa or 8 MPa at 1 or 4 Hz, 15 min) using the ElectroForce® 3200 (TA Instruments, Delaware, USA), and gene expression either analysed directly post-cessation of load or 24 h post-load. Chondrocytes were subjected to a physiological tensile strain (7.5% elongation, 1 Hz) for 30 min using the Flexcell FX-3000 system (Flexcell International Corp, Hillsborough, NC, USA)12 (link), 13 (link), 14 (link), and cells processed four hours post-cessation of load to analyse gene expression. Duplicate cultures of explants or cells, devoid of mechanical stimulation, were set up as controls. Cartilage explants were snap frozen and remained in liquid nitrogen until the RNA extraction. Isolated chondrocytes were lysed directly in TRIzol® (1 ml per well) and stored at −80°C until processed for RNA extraction.
10
Murine ACL Rupture Protocol
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Mice were anaesthetized with isoflurane and custom built cups21 used to hold the right ankle and knee in flexion with a 30 degree offset prior to the application of a 0.5N pre‐load (ElectroForce® 3200, TA Instruments, Elstree, UK). A single 12N load at a velocity of 1.4 mm/s was then applied resulting in ACL rupture. These parameters were chosen based upon prior experiments showing that 12N was a threshold force in these mice where a mid‐substance tear of the ligament would occur immediately on application of one load cycle at 1.4 mm/s. ACL rupture was identified through the waveform as a continued increase in displacement following release of the applied compressive force with an audible “popping” sound. To determine whether contralateral knees could serve as unloaded controls, they were compared with the right and left knees of naïve mice which were not subjected to anaesthetic or load.22 Mice were culled by cervical dislocation at multiple time points to assess for the presence of an inflammatory response and joint degeneration.
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