Buffer salts

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Germany, United Kingdom, United States

Buffer salts are chemical compounds used to maintain a specific pH range in aqueous solutions. They function by resisting changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of acid or base. Buffer salts are commonly used in various laboratory and industrial applications to provide a stable and controlled chemical environment.

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Lab products found in correlation

Mgcl2, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Benzonase, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Bacterial alkaline phosphatase, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Adenosine triphosphate (atp), by Merck Group (2 mentions) Pki 5 24, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Trifluoroacetic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Dithiothreitol (dtt), by Merck Group (2 mentions) Methanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Acetonitrile, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Milli q system, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Butylated hydroxytoluene, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Phosphodiesterase 1, by Worthington (1 mentions) Hplc grade solvents, by Avantor (1 mentions) Tween 20, by Avantor (1 mentions) Kta fplc, by Cytiva (1 mentions) Xhoi, by New England Biolabs (1 mentions) Theophylline, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Tetrahydrouridine, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Trehalose, by Merck Group (1 mentions)

Spelling variants of this product

Phosphate buffer salts (4 citations) Salts for buffers (3 citations) Salts for all buffers (2 citations) Salts and buffers (2 citations) Bioreagent grade buffer salts (2 citations) Standard salts and buffer components (2 citations) Acetate buffer salts (2 citations) Hanks balanced salt solution buffer (2 citations) Hanks buffer salt solution (2 citations)

21 protocols using buffer salts

Purification and Characterization of Biomolecules

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All chemicals and reagents used were obtained at the highest purity available and were used without further purification unless stated. Benzonase, bacterial alkaline phosphatase, butylated hydroxytoluene, acetonitrile, and buffer salts were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Coformycin was obtained from the National Cancer Institute. Phosphodiesterase I was purchased from Worthington. Tetrahydrouridine was purchased from Calbiochem. Water purified through a Milli-Q system (Millipore) was used throughout our studies. Sartorius Vivaspin 500-brand centrifugal filter units were used for dialysis and sample concentration.

Lin C.J., Smibert P., Zhao X., Hu J.F., Ramroop J., Kellner S.M., Benton M.A., Govind S., Dedon P.C., Sternglanz R, & Lai E.C. (2015). An extensive allelic series of Drosophila kae1 mutants reveals diverse and tissue-specific requirements for t6A biogenesis. RNA, 21(12), 2103-2118.

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Peptide Synthesis and Kinase Assay

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All amino acids (including 4-(methylamino)butyric acid, MAB), peptide coupling reagents, and 2-Cl-trityl resin, were purchased from Chem-Impex. Rhodamine B was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Bulk and HPLC grade solvents were purchased from VWR and dry solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich in SureSeal bottles. TAMRA-Kemptide was custom synthesized by GenScript and used as received. All assay reagents, including buffer salts, ATP, and MgCl₂ were of molecular biology grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. H89 was purchased from Selleck Chem and PKI(5-24) was purchased from Alfa Aesar.

Luzi N.M., Lyons C.E., Peterson D.L, & Ellis K.C. (2017). Characterization of PKACα enzyme kinetics and inhibition in an HPLC assay with a chromophoric substrate. Analytical biochemistry, 532, 45-52.

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Kinase Assay Reagent Preparation

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All assay reagents, including buffer salts, ATP, and MgCl_2, were of molecular biology grade and purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). H89 was purchased from Selleck Chem (Houston, TX, USA). PKI(5–24) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Tewksbury, MA, USA). HPLC‐grade solvents were purchased from VWR (Radnor, PA, USA).

Luzi N.M., Lyons C.E., Peterson D.L, & Ellis K.C. (2018). Kinetics and inhibition studies of the L205R mutant of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase involved in Cushing's syndrome. FEBS Open Bio, 8(4), 606-613.

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Recombinant Expression of KDM1A and KDM1B

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Clones of genes encoding Homo sapiens nΔ150 KDM1A (UniProtKB accession No. O60341) and full-length KDM1B (UniProtKB accession No. Q8NB78) were codon optimized for E. coli by GenScript (Piscataway, NJ) and subcloned into pET-15b (Novagen) with NdeI and XhoI (New England Biolabs; NEB). The pDB-HisGST vector was obtained from the DNASU Plasmid Repository. Buffer salts were obtained from Sigma, EMD Millipore, and JT Baker. Tween 20 was obtained from AMRESCO. Protein purification was conducted using an ÄKTA FPLC (Amersham Biosciences).

Burg J.M., Makhoul A.T., Pemble CW I.V., Link J.E., Heller F.J, & McCafferty D.G. (2015). A rationally-designed chimeric KDM1A/KDM1B histone demethylase tower domain deletion mutant retaining enzymatic activity. FEBS letters, 589(18), 2340-2346.

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Purification and Analysis of Biomolecules

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All chemicals and reagents were obtained at the highest purity available and were used without further purification unless stated. Benzonase, bacterial alkaline phosphatase, butylated hydroxytoluene, Pentostation (Deoxycoformycin), theophylline, acetonitrile and buffer salts were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Snake venom phosphodiesterase I was purchased from VWR (Darmstadt, Germany). Tetrahydrouridine was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Water purified through a Milli-Q system was used throughout our studies.

Schäck M.A., Jablonski K.P., Gräf S., Klassen R., Schaffrath R., Kellner S, & Hammann C. (2020). Eukaryotic life without tQCUG: the role of Elongator-dependent tRNA modifications in Dictyostelium discoideum. Nucleic Acids Research, 48(14), 7899-7913.

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Trehalose-based Biomolecule Preservation

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Trehalose, buffer salts, diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC), inhibitors, and protein molecular weight markers were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Other reagents were of the higher grade available and acquired from Sigma or Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

Silva W., Terra W.R, & Ferreira C. (2015). Conformational changes on ligand binding in wild-type and mutants from Spodoptera frugiperda midgut trehalase. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, 4, 215-223.

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Malaria Diagnosis Protocol with Quality Assurance

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Both good laboratory and clinical practices were observed at study site by professionally qualified personnel through continuous monitoring by the Safety Monitor, Principal Investigator (PI), and the clinical consultant. Giemsa stain and chemicals such as methanol and buffer salts were sourced from Sigma-Aldrich (Catalogue No: 65637-25G; M1775-1GA; P3288-12VL, respectively). Training and quality assurance in microscopy for study site technologists was done continuously by the PI. All subjects' slides were taken to Malaria Unit, Centre for Biotechnological Research and Development, KEMRI, Nairobi, for reexamination and validation. Random microscopy checks of malaria slides were regularly done at the site by the PI for quality control.

, & Kirinyet J.K. (2019). An Assessment of Malaria Parasite Density among HIV/AIDS-Subjects at Different Levels of CD4 T-Cells Prior to Antimalarial Therapy at Chulaimbo Sub-County Hospital, Western Kenya. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2019, 5697383.

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Peptide Labeling and Storage Procedures

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Peptides (>95% purity) were purchased from Biomatik (Cambridge, Ontario, Canada). For labelled peptides the N-terminal fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) label was conjugated by an Acp (amino caproic acid) linker. The peptides were delivered as lyophilized acetate salts, dissolved in MQ-water and stored at -20°C as aliquots. Cell culture media were from PAA Laboratories and Biochrom AG (Berlin, Germany), heparin sodium was purchased from Serva (Heidelberg, Germany) and buffer salts were from Sigma. FM 4-64 dye and 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) were from Invitrogen. 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), 1-Palimitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (POPG) were from Larodan Fine Chemicals (Malmö, Sweden).

Harreither E., Rydberg H.A., Åmand H.L., Jadhav V., Fliedl L., Benda C., Esteban M.A., Pei D., Borth N., Grillari-Voglauer R., Hommerding O., Edenhofer F., Nordén B, & Grillari J. (2014). Characterization of a novel cell penetrating peptide derived from human Oct4. Cell Regeneration, 3, 2.

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Recombinant FVIII Characterization

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Albumin-free recombinant full-length FVIII obtained from Baxter International Inc. (Deerfield, IL) was used for the studies. Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and soybean Phosphatidylinositol (PI) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). Cholesterol was purchased either from Avanti Polar Lipids or from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). Coamatic FVIII kits were purchased from DiaPharma Group (West Chester, OH) and used to determine FVIII activity in plasma samples. Buffer salts were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO).

Kosloski M.P., Pisal D.S., Mager D.E, & Balu-Iyer S.V. (2014). Nonlinear pharmacokinetics of Factor VIII and its phosphatidylinositol lipidic complex in hemophilia A mice. Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition, 35(3), 154-163.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Bolalipids

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The bolalipids (1RS,32RS)-1,32-dihexyldotriacontane-1,32-diylbis[2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate] (PC-C32(1,32C6)-PC) and (1RS,32RS)-1,32-dinonyldotriacontane-1,32-diylbis[2-(tri-methylammonio)ethyl phosphate] (PC-C32(1,32C9)-PC) were synthesized according to procedures described previously [52 (link)]. DOPC and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl) (ammonium salt) (NBD-PE) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA) and used without further purification. SoyPC (Phospholipon 90 G^®) was kindly provided by Lipoid GmbH (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Buffer salts were obtained from Sigma Aldrich Co. (Steinheim, Germany). Calcein disodium salt was purchased from Fluka Chemie GmbH (Buchs, Switzerland). Simulated gastric fluid (SGF) was prepared by adding pepsin at a concentration of 1 mg/mL to a buffer (7.57 mM citric acid, 8.2 mM HCl, 119.78 mM NaCl and 2.7 mM KCl) at pH = 1, directly before use. Simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) was prepared by adding sodium taurocholate and trypsin, in a concentration of 5.9 mg/mL and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively, to a phosphate buffer at pH = 8.

Müller S., Gruhle K., Meister A., Hause G, & Drescher S. (2019). Bolalipid-Doped Liposomes: Can Bolalipids Increase the Integrity of Liposomes Exposed to Gastrointestinal Fluids?. Pharmaceutics, 11(12), 646.

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