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Bilirubin

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Bilirubin is a laboratory equipment used for the measurement of bilirubin levels in biological samples. Bilirubin is a yellow-orange pigment that is produced during the breakdown of red blood cells. The concentration of bilirubin in the blood can be used as an indicator of various medical conditions.

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Lab products found in correlation

Nadph, by AppliChem (2 mentions) Mercaptoethanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Heparin, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Canagliflozin, by Selleck Chemicals (2 mentions) Bromophenol blue, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Chloroform, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Trypsin, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Gelatin, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Penicillin, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Streptomycin, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Glycerol, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (2 mentions) Glucose 6 phosphate (g6p), by Merck Group (2 mentions) Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Apoferritin, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Deferoxamine, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Biliverdin, by Frontier Scientific (2 mentions) 40 m cell strainer, by BD (2 mentions) Dmem medium, by Corning (2 mentions) Murine recombinant il 4, by Miltenyi Biotec (2 mentions)

9 protocols using bilirubin

1

Synthesis and Characterization of α-X-TMCs

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α-X-TMCs and other chalcones were prepared as described previously [20 (link), 21 (link)]. Z-α-p-OMe-C6H4-TMC was isolated from the E/Z-isomeric mixture of ~ 80:20 obtained by the same method as described before [21 (link)] in a yield of 15% by column chromatography on silica gel and preparative TLC using petroleum ether-EtOAc mixtures as the eluents (analytical data see supporting information). Other compounds were purchased from the following commercial sources and used without further purification: hemin and gelatin (from cold water fish skin) from Sigma-Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany), NADPH from AppliChem (Darmstadt, Germany), OPD (ortho-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride) from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium), bilirubin from Frontier Scientific (UK), Triton X-100 from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
Kaufmann K.B., Al-Rifai N., Ulbrich F., Schallner N., Rücker H., Enzinger M., Petkes H., Pitzl S., Goebel U, & Amslinger S. (2015). The Cytoprotective Effects of E-α-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2’,3,4,4'-Tetramethoxychalcone (E-α-p-OMe-C6H4-TMC)—A Novel and Non-Cytotoxic HO-1 Inducer. PLoS ONE, 10(11), e0142932.
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2

Bilirubin Treatment in Obesity Mice

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Bilirubin (Frontier Scientific, Logan, UT) was dissolved in 0.1 N NaOH and the pH was adjusted to 7.4 using HCl. Bilirubin was administered intraperitoneally 20 μmol/kg (11.7 mg/kg) twice per day for 14 days. Control DIO or CHOW mice received vehicle on the same injection schedule.
Liu J., Dong H., Zhang Y., Cao M., Song L., Pan Q., Bulmer A., Adams D.B., Dong X, & Wang H. (2015). Bilirubin Increases Insulin Sensitivity by Regulating Cholesterol Metabolism, Adipokines and PPARγ Levels. Scientific Reports, 5, 9886.
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3

Heme Oxygenase-1 Regulation Analysis

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Erastin (EMD Millipore Corporation, USA), Znpp-IX (ENZO Life Science, Plymouth Meeting, PA), Carbon monoxide-releasing molecule (CORM) (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO), hemin, bilirubin (Frontier Scientific, Inc, USA), and biliverdin (MP Biomedicals, LLC, France) were used. Deferoxamine (DFO) and cycloheximide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Anti- HO-1 was purchased from StressGen Biotechnologies Inc. (Victoria, BC, Canada). Anti-b-actin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated goat anti-rabbit or goat anti-mouse IgG was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Dallas, TX).
Kwon M.Y., Park E., Lee S.J, & Chung S.W. (2015). Heme oxygenase-1 accelerates erastin-induced ferroptotic cell death. Oncotarget, 6(27), 24393-24403.
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4

Cellular Metabolic Regulation Protocol

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Minimum essential medium, streptomycin, penicillin, gelatin, heparin, trypsin, EDTA, bovine serum, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), NaOH, elastase, trichloroacetic acid, collagenase, MgCl2, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), chloroform, CO-releasing molecule-2 (CORM2), KCl, HEPES, heme, MgCl2, glucose-6-phosphate, RNase, propidium iodide, mito-TEMPO, glycerol, Nonidet P-40, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), bromophenol blue, and mercaptoethanol were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Inactivated CORM2 (iCORM2) was generated by leaving CORM2 solutions at room temperature for two days and then purging solutions of any residual CO with nitrogen. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), aprotinin, leupeptin, and pepstatin A were from Roche Applied Sciences (Indianapolis, IN). Lipofectamine and 5-(and 6)-chloromethyl-2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate acetyl ester (CM-H2DCFDA) were from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA). Bilirubin was from Frontier Scientific (Logan, UT). The antibodies against NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and β-actin were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA) and the antibody against HO-1 was from Assay Designs (Ann Arbor, MI). [3H]Thymidine (20 Ci/mmol) was from PerkinElmer (Boston, MA). Canagliflozin, empagliflozin, and dapagliflozin were purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX).
Behnammanesh G., Durante G.L., Khanna Y.P., Peyton K.J, & Durante W. (2020). Canagliflozin inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration: Role of heme oxygenase-1. Redox Biology, 32, 101527.
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5

Isolation and Polarization of Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages

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BMDMs were isolated and cultured as previously described with minor modifications (38 (link)). Mouse bone marrow cells were flushed from the femurs of mice and passed through a 40-µm cell strainer (BD Falcon), and red blood cells were lysed in ACK buffer (0.15 M NH4Cl, 10 mM KHCO3, 0.1 mM EDTA). Remaining cells were incubated in DMEM medium (Corning Cellgro) containing 10% FBS (Atlanta Biologicals), 30 ng/ml MCSF (Miltenyi Biotec) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Life Technologies). BMDM were cultured for 7 days and the purity of the culture was determined to be >85% based on analysis of CD11b expression. Polarization of cells was performed using 100 U/ml murine recombinant IFN γ (Roche) or 20 ng/ml murine recombinant IL-4 (Miltenyi Biotec). For studies involving HO by-products or ferritin, pre-treatment was performed 16 hours prior to the addition of cytokines. Macrophages were pre-treated with biliverdin (Frontier Scientific), bilirubin (Frontier Scientific), deferoxamine (Sigma), CORM (Sigma) or Apoferritin (Sigma). Recombinant H ferritin and L ferritin were generously provided by Dr. Arosio. HO-1 overexpressing macrophages were isolated from humanized HO-1 BAC transgenic mice (81 (link)). Gene expression analysis was performed at 4 hours and protein expression analysis was performed at 24 hours after cytokine treatment.
Bolisetty S., Zarjou A., Hull T.D., Traylor A., Perianayagam A., Joseph R., Kamal A.I., Arosio P., Soares M.P., Jeney V., Balla J., George J.F, & Agarwal A. (2015). Macrophage and epithelial cell H-ferritin expression regulates renal inflammation. Kidney international, 88(1), 95-108.
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6

Isolation and Polarization of Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages

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BMDMs were isolated and cultured as previously described with minor modifications (38 (link)). Mouse bone marrow cells were flushed from the femurs of mice and passed through a 40-µm cell strainer (BD Falcon), and red blood cells were lysed in ACK buffer (0.15 M NH4Cl, 10 mM KHCO3, 0.1 mM EDTA). Remaining cells were incubated in DMEM medium (Corning Cellgro) containing 10% FBS (Atlanta Biologicals), 30 ng/ml MCSF (Miltenyi Biotec) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Life Technologies). BMDM were cultured for 7 days and the purity of the culture was determined to be >85% based on analysis of CD11b expression. Polarization of cells was performed using 100 U/ml murine recombinant IFN γ (Roche) or 20 ng/ml murine recombinant IL-4 (Miltenyi Biotec). For studies involving HO by-products or ferritin, pre-treatment was performed 16 hours prior to the addition of cytokines. Macrophages were pre-treated with biliverdin (Frontier Scientific), bilirubin (Frontier Scientific), deferoxamine (Sigma), CORM (Sigma) or Apoferritin (Sigma). Recombinant H ferritin and L ferritin were generously provided by Dr. Arosio. HO-1 overexpressing macrophages were isolated from humanized HO-1 BAC transgenic mice (81 (link)). Gene expression analysis was performed at 4 hours and protein expression analysis was performed at 24 hours after cytokine treatment.
Bolisetty S., Zarjou A., Hull T.D., Traylor A., Perianayagam A., Joseph R., Kamal A.I., Arosio P., Soares M.P., Jeney V., Balla J., George J.F, & Agarwal A. (2015). Macrophage and epithelial cell H-ferritin expression regulates renal inflammation. Kidney international, 88(1), 95-108.
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7

Preparation of Bioactive Compounds

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Celecoxib was purchased from Tocris (BioTechne, Milan, Italy) and 1 mM stock solutions were prepared in DMSO. Bilirubin and Zinc-protoporphyrin-IX (ZnPP-IX, Frontier Scientific, Logan, UT, United States) were dissolved in alkaline aqueous solution. Tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) (CORM-2, Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy) was dissolved in DMSO at the stock solution of 10 mM.
Mhillaj E., Papi M., Paciello F., Silvestrini A., Rolesi R., Palmieri V., Perini G., Fetoni A.R., Trabace L, & Mancuso C. (2020). Celecoxib Exerts Neuroprotective Effects in β-Amyloid-Treated SH-SY5Y Cells Through the Regulation of Heme Oxygenase-1: Novel Insights for an Old Drug. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 8, 561179.
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8

Cell Viability Assay of α-X-Chalcones

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Chemicals and reagents α-X-TMCs were prepared as described previously. 8 Compounds were purchased from the following commercial sources and used without further purification: curcumin (B6938), hemin and gelatin (from cold water fish skin) from Sigma (Germany), NADPH from AppliChem (Germany), OPD (ortho-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride) from Acros Organics (Belgium), bilirubin from Frontier Scientific (UK), Triton X-100 from Merck (Germany), xanthohumol (XN) from Carl Roth (Germany) or, alternatively, XN was obtained as hop-derived ethanolic extract with 80% purity (Hallertauer Hopfenverwertungsgesellschaft, Mainburg, Germany) and purified by silica gel column chromatography with n-hexane-ethyl acetate as previously described ( purity (HPLC) > 99%). 15 Cell viability test (MTT assay) on RAW264.7 cells Murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS) and 2 mM glutamine (Biochrom, Germany) at 37 °C in humidified air containing 5% CO 2 . In order to exclude cytotoxicity of the compounds a MTT assay was performed and the effect of the compounds on cell viability compared to control cells was determined. The results were published in a previous study of the α-X-chalcones. 8b
Rücker H., Al-Rifai N., Rascle A., Gottfried E., Brodziak-Jarosz L., Gerhäuser C., Dick T.P, & Amslinger S. (2015). Enhancing the anti-inflammatory activity of chalcones by tuning the Michael acceptor site. Organic & biomolecular chemistry, 13(10).
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9

Cellular Assays for Oxidative Stress

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M199 medium, gelatin, penicillin, streptomycin, heparin, NaOH, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), Tris, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), chloroform, glycerol, trichloroacetic acid, trypsin, hydroxyurea, glucose, bromophenol blue, lipofectamine, CO-releasing molecule-2 (CORM2), NADPH, glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Triton X-100, and mercaptoethanol were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Bilirubin and tin protoporphyrin were from Frontier Scientific (Logan, UT, USA). The antibody against HO-1 was from Assay Designs (Ann Arbor, MI, USA) and the antibody against β-actin was from Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) was from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Canagliflozin was purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX, USA). [3H]Thymidine was from Perkin Elmer (Boston, MA, USA).
Peyton K.J., Behnammanesh G., Durante G.L, & Durante W. (2022). Canagliflozin Inhibits Human Endothelial Cell Inflammation through the Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(15), 8777.
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