L serine

Amino acids, including l-lysine, l-histidine, l-arginine, l-tyrosine, l-phenylalanine, l-isoleucine, l-leucine, l-serine, l-glutamate, l-valine, l-glycine, were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd, China. All of them have a purity higher than 98%. Sunflower seed protein isolates, trypsin from porcine pancreas were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd, China. 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.8) and 0.2 M phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) were purchased from Xi'an Hat Biotechnology Co., Ltd, China. Glucose and absolute ethanol were purchased from Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd, China. Edible solvent extraction sunflower seed oil was purchased from a local supermarket (Xi'an, China).

l-Lysine, l-histidine, l-aspartate, l-cysteine, l-tryptophan, l-serine, l-phenylalanine, l-glycine, l-valine, l-alanine, l-leucine, l-isoleucine, l-threonine, l-methionine, l-proline, and l-glutamic acid were purchased from Yuanye Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China; purity >99.5%). Copper sulfate and sodium acetate were purchased from Shuang Shuang Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Yantai, China). The purified water used to prepare various solutions was obtained from the GLP Laboratory of Lanzhou University (Lanzhou, China). Acetic acid (HPLC grade) was purchased from Shandong Yu Wang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Shandong, China). Three kinds of beers were purchased from a local supermarket (Lanzhou, China).

Tan IIA (purity > 98%), [U-¹³C]-glucose, l-serine, l-glycine, l-lactic acid, l-alanine, pyruvate, l-malic acid, succinate, fumarate, l-glutamic acid, citric acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, l-asparatic acid, and l-proline were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Recombinant human TGF-β1, Yefluor 488 EdU imaging kit, and cell cycle and apoptosis analysis kit were purchased from Yeasen (Shanghai, China). Sulforaphane (SFN), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methoxyamine hydrochloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). d-glucose was purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM), minimum essential medium (MEM), and 0.25% trypsin were purchased from Gibco (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was purchased from Vazyme (Nanjing, China). SB 204990 was purchased from MedChemExpress (Princeton, NJ, USA). BTA was purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China). Glucose assay kit was purchased from Elabscience (Wuhan, China). Lactate assay kit was purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide was purchased from Acmec (Shanghai, China). Triton ×100, hoechst33342, antifade mounting medium and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were purchased from Beyotime (Shanghai, China).