For anthropometric and physiologic characteristics, weight, height, waist and hip circumference, blood pressure, and pulse rate were measured. Blood pressure and pulse rate were measured using a digital sphygmomanometer, M6 Comfort Omron (Omron Healthcare, Kyoto, Japan). A research nurse performed these measurements while the patient was sitting for at least five minutes from the right arm. If the first measurement was above 130/80 mmHg, a second measurement was done after another five minutes. For clinical decisions and data analysis, we considered the second measurement. The attending physician visited the participants who had high blood pressure, abnormal ECG patterns, or any other acute health condition at the cohort site.
M6 comfort
Manufactured by Omron
Sourced in Japan, Netherlands, United Kingdom
The M6 Comfort is a compact and easy-to-use blood pressure monitor. It automatically measures blood pressure and heart rate, and provides readings on a clear digital display.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
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75 protocols using m6 comfort
1
Anthropometric and Physiologic Assessment
2
Comprehensive Metabolic and Lifestyle Assessment
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The participants were interviewed using comprehensive questionnaires designed to gather information regarding demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, metabolic, behavioral risk factors, preexisting comorbidities, and medical history. Besides, all individuals underwent standard anthropometric and BP measurements. Fasting blood samples were drawn to measure serum biochemistry, including creatinine levels. Weight and height were measured to calculate the body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2). BP was measured using a calibrated digital sphygmomanometer, M6 Comfort Omron (Omron Healthcare, Kyoto, Japan), with an appropriate brachial cuff size. The first reading was recorded from the left arm positioned at the heart level while the patient was seated in a resting position, with the back supported for at least five minutes. If the first reading was above 140/90 mmHg, a second measurement from the same arm was performed after five minutes of resting. The second reading was used for the statistical analyses of participants with two BP measurements.
3
Comprehensive Cardiovascular Risk Assessment
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We interviewed every participant using a designated comprehensive checklist on demographic characteristics, drug, and past medical history, family history of coronary artery disease (CAD), smoking, and drinking habits. In addition, we used physical activity questions from the STEPs instrument version 3.2 to measure the participants’ physical activity levels.16 All participants underwent standard anthropometric evaluation, including body height, weight, waist, and hip circumference measurements by a trained nurse. Besides, blood pressure was measured on the left arm in a standard setting by a trained nurse using a digital sphygmomanometer (M6 Comfort Omron, Omron Healthcare, Kyoto, Japan).17 (link) If the first recording was above 140/90 mm Hg, we performed a subsequent measurement on the same arm following a five-minute rest period. Afterward, a venous blood sample was obtained from every individual following a 12-hour overnight fast to check fasting plasma glucose (FPG), creatinine, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride. The biochemistry measurements were performed by the experienced laboratory staff at Tehran Heart Center using Roche kits (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) and COBAS Integra 400 plus device (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland).
4
Blood Pressure Measurement Procedure
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Using a digital sphygmomanometer (Omron M6 Comfort), BP was measured twice on the right arm in seated position; the average of the two measurements was used for the analyses. Pulse pressure (PP) was calculated as “systolic BP minus diastolic BP,” and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was calculated as “(2/3)*diastolic BP+(1/3)*systolic BP”.
5
Anthropometric and Blood Pressure Measurements
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Anthropometric parameters including height, weight, and waist circumference (WC) were measured using standardized techniques. Height was measured to the nearest millimeter using a Leicester Height Scale (Seca, Liverpool, UK) with the participant barefoot and in the upright position. Weight was measured to the nearest gram using A&D Personal Scale (Model UC-321, Toshima-Ku, Tokyo, Japan) with the participant in light clothes, and without shoes. WC, recorded to the nearest millimeter, was taken at the level of umbilicus. After the participant was seated in a resting position for at least five minutes, blood pressure (BP) was measured in mmHg on the right arm, using a digital automatic BP monitor (Omron, M6 Comfort, Hoofddorp, The Netherland); three measurements were taken three minutes apart.
6
Measuring Cardiovascular and Body Metrics
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Blood pressure was measured at the beginning and the end of each period between 8:00 and 10:00 h in a quiet temperature-controlled room using an automated digital oscillometric device (Omron model M6 Comfort, Omron Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), and a mean of two readings was taken. Height, body weight and abdominal and hip perimeter were measured.
Body composition was assessed by using a tetrapolar bioimpedance system (Tanita BC601, Arlington heights, IL, USA), including the following parameters (%): BMI, % body fat, % body water, muscle mass and bone mass.
Body composition was assessed by using a tetrapolar bioimpedance system (Tanita BC601, Arlington heights, IL, USA), including the following parameters (%): BMI, % body fat, % body water, muscle mass and bone mass.
7
Community-based Cardiometabolic Screening
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The equipment used for near patient testing was Accutrend GC total cholesterol (finger prick blood lipids) and Omron M6 Comfort automated blood pressure meter (consistent with the broader NHS community health promotion programme and calibrated in line with manufacturer guidance).
Those who were at high risk were advised to see their GP for further advice regarding If no specific health issues leading to a formally defined care pathway were identified the subjects were advised on generic healthy living advice, and provided with supporting literature.
This group included those indicating that they did not eat their '5 a day' of fruit and vegetables.
Subjects were categorised as in principally sedentary or manual duties on the basis of job title.
A copy of the outcome data from all assessments, where consent was provided, was forwarded to the subject's general practitioner. All subjects were found to be registered with a general practitioner.
Approximately nine months after the initial assessment, all participants were invited to attend for a follow up 'face to face' assessment at which the complete screening process was applied again.
Data on ethnicity were only available in one authority, where all participants were of White European origin, other than one of Asian origin. A few participants did not provide complete data and sample sizes for each analysis are provided.
Those who were at high risk were advised to see their GP for further advice regarding If no specific health issues leading to a formally defined care pathway were identified the subjects were advised on generic healthy living advice, and provided with supporting literature.
This group included those indicating that they did not eat their '5 a day' of fruit and vegetables.
Subjects were categorised as in principally sedentary or manual duties on the basis of job title.
A copy of the outcome data from all assessments, where consent was provided, was forwarded to the subject's general practitioner. All subjects were found to be registered with a general practitioner.
Approximately nine months after the initial assessment, all participants were invited to attend for a follow up 'face to face' assessment at which the complete screening process was applied again.
Data on ethnicity were only available in one authority, where all participants were of White European origin, other than one of Asian origin. A few participants did not provide complete data and sample sizes for each analysis are provided.
8
Comprehensive Anthropometric Measurements
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Anthropometric characteristics were measured on each visit, with participants in light clothing and without shoes. A digital scale for the weight (Seca 861; Seca, Vogel & Halke, Hamburg, Germany) and a stadiometer for height (Seca Leicester Height Measure; Seca, Vogel & Halke) were used. The measurements were made to the nearest 0.1 kg and 0.1 cm respectively. Body mass index was calculated by the formula BMI = Weight (Kg)/Height (m) × Height (m) [70 ]. Body composition was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BC-418 MA, Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan). Waist circumference was measured, with the tape being placed at the mid-axillary line, around the lateral aspect of each ilium [71 ]. Resting arterial blood pressure was measured three times in the left arm in a sitting and resting position [72 (link)] by the electronic device “Omron M6 Comfort”.
9
Pre-experimental Physiological Assessment
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The pre-experimental day consisted of an ECG (MAC800, GE Medical systems, Milwaukee, WI, USA), blood screening (glucose, HbA 1c , lipids, markers of haematology, thyroid, kidney and liver function; BD, REF 368654, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), blood pressure measuring (Omron M6 comfort, Kyoto, Japan), exercise testing and a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)-scan (Lunar Prodigy Advance; GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, USA). To accustom participants to the exercise model used in this study and to determine the maximum workload, an incremental test to exhaustion (10 min at 6 W and 6 W min -1 thereafter) was performed using the one-legged knee-extensor exercise model. Peak pulmonary oxygen uptake (V ˙O2peak ) was also measured (Cosmed, Rome, Italy) during an incremental cycling (Lode Excalibur, Groningen, the Netherlands) test (10 min at 50-100 W and 25 W min -1 thereafter) to exhaustion.
10
Resting blood pressure and heart rate
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Blood pressure and heart rate were assessed after 5 min of resting as the mean value of the last two of three consecutive measurements, performed with a validated automated device (Omron M6 Comfort, Kyoto, Japan).
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