Spiro ometad

FTO glass was purchased from Asahi Glass Company (AGC), Japan. Cesium iodide (CsI, 99.999%), DMAPbI₃, lead bromide (PbBr₂, 99.99%), lead iodide (PbI₂, 99.5%), PCBM, and Spiro‐OMeTAD were purchased from Xi'an Polymer Light Technology. Cadmium iodide (CdI₂, 99.9985%), N, N‐dimethylformamide (DMF, ≥99.8%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, ≥99.9%), lithium bis‐(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI), and 4‐tert‐butylpyridine (tBP, 96%) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄,≥98%) and chlorobenzene (CB) were obtained from China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation. All other chemicals were obtained from Sigma Aldrich.

Unless otherwise noted, all reagents used in the experiments were purchased from commercial sources and used without further purification. 3,6-Dibromo-9H-carbazole, N,N-bis(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetraMethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-BenzenaMine, lead iodide (PbI₂), methylammonium iodide (MAI), acetonitrile (99.8%), chlorobenzene (99.9%), and dimethylformamide (DMF) (99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) and Li-bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (Li-TFSI) were purchased from TCI. 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9’-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) (99.0%) was purchased from Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Co., Ltd.
Perovskite precursor: The perovskite precursor was obtained by mixing PbI₂ and MACl (in a molar ratio of 1:1) in DMF with a concentration of 350 mg/mL, and was then stirred at 60 °C overnight in a glovebox.
Spiro-OMeTAD: The 2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis(N,N’-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9’-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) was doped with TBP and Li-TFSI. A total of 73.2 mg of Spiro-OMeTAD (Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Co., Ltd., Xi’an, China) was dissolved in 1 mL of chlorobenzene (CB) with 28.8 μL of 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) and 17.6 μL of Li-bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (Li-TFSI).

Lead (II) iodide (99.999%) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Methylammonium chloride, methylammonium bromide (>99.5%), methylammonium iodide (>99.5%), and Spiro-OMeTAD were purchased from Xi’an Polymer Light Technology in China.

4-(Tert-butoxycarbonyl)benzeneboronic acid and 4-bromo-N, N-bis (4-methoxyphenyl) aniline were purchased from Energy Chemical Corp. Formamidinium iodide (FAI), methylammonium bromine (MABr), and lead iodide (PbI₂) were purchased from ZhongNeng Corp. Lead bromide (PbBr₂), methanaminium iodide (MAI), and Spiro-OMeTAD were purchased from Xi'an Polymer Light Technology. Other materials were bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide lithium salt (99.95%, Aldrich), 4-tert-butylpyridine (99.9%, TCI), FK 209 Co (III) TFSI salt (Xi' an Polymer Light Technology Corp), and SnO₂ colloidal solution (15% in H₂O colloidal dispersion, Alfa Aesar).

Unless stated otherwise, all materials were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich without further purification. Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrates (around 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm) with partial etching were purchased from OPV•Tech. Spiro-OMeTAD (2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifuorene, ≥ 99.8% purity), 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBP, ≥ 99.9% purity), and lithium-bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (Li-TFSI, ≥ 99.9% purity) were purchased from Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Corp.

All the commercial materials were used as received, including chlorobenzene (99.9%, Aladdin Industrial Corporation), hydrogen iodide (57%, Alfa Aesar), ethanol (AR Beijing Chemical Works), PbI₂ (99.999%, Sigma-Aldrich), N,N-dimethylformamide (99.99%, Sigma-Aldrich), dimethyl sulfoxide (99.50%, Sigma-Aldrich), PbBr₂ (99.9%, Aladdin Industrial Corporation), CsI (99.90%, Aladdin Industrial Corporation), RbI (99.90%, Aladdin Industrial Corporation), KI (99.90%, Aladdin Industrial Corporation), spiro-OMeTAD (Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Corp.), 4-tertbutylpyridine (99.90%, Sigma-Aldrich), lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulphonyl)imide (99.95%, Sigma-Aldrich), and ITO substrates. The HC(NH₂)₂I and CH₃NH₃Br were prepared according to procedure mentioned in previous work.

The experimental materials such as tin oxide (SnO₂, 15%), cesium bromide (CsBr, 99.9%), silver bromide (AgBr, 99.5%) and bismuth bromide (BiBr₃, 99%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, anhydrous 99.9% Sigma-Aldrich), isopropanol (IPA 99.5%, Aladdin), acetonitrile (99.8%, Sigma-Aldrich), 4-tertbutylpyridine (96%, Sigma-Aldrich), bis (trifluoromethane) sulfonimide lithium salt (99%, Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Corp), chlorobenzene (99%, Aladdin) and spiro-OMeTAD (99.5%, Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Corp) were used without further purification.