The reference substances of seven aconitum alkaloids and six ginsenosides, namely BMA, BHA, BAC, MA, HA, AC, FZL, Rb1, Rb3, Rd, Re, Rg1, and Ro were purchased from Nanchang beta biotechnology Co., Ltd (Nanchang, China). Their chemical structures are shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5 . respectively. The purities of these standard compounds were confirmed to be higher than 98% by HPLC analysis. Hongshen were purchased from Kangmei pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd (Guangzhou, China, 170904731) and Fuzi(Heishunpian) were purchased from Sichuan jiangyou zhongba Fuzi technology development Co., Ltd (Chengdu, China, 170502) and authenticated by professor Xiao-mei Fu (Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine). Acetonitrile and methanol for analysis were MS grade and purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Formic acid was HPLC grade and purchased from Dikma (Dikma, USA). Ultrapure water was obtained by a Milli-Q ultrapure water system (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA).
Formic acid
Manufactured by Dikma Technologies
Sourced in United States, China
Formic acid is a clear, colorless liquid with a pungent odor. It is a simple carboxylic acid with the chemical formula HCOOH. Formic acid is primarily used as a chemical building block in various industrial and laboratory applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Methanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (9 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (8 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Ammonium acetate, by Dikma Technologies (4 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Dikma Technologies (3 mentions)
Hplc grade acetonitrile, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Milli q ultrapure water system, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Milli q water purification system, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Hplc grade acetonitrile acn, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Leucine enkephalin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Hplc grade ammonium acetate, by Dikma Technologies (2 mentions)
Milli q system, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Hplc grade acetonitrile, by Dikma Technologies (1 mentions)
Methanol, by Dikma Technologies (1 mentions)
Butanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Methanol meoh, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Olive oil, by Shanghai Chemical Reagent (1 mentions)
Trichloromethane, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Ninhydrin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
26 protocols using formic acid
1
Quantitative Analysis of Aconitum and Ginseng
2
Quantification of APAP and Resveratrol in Zhishi
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APAP and resveratrol (RES) were purchased from Shanghai Source Leaf Biological Technology Co., Ltd. HPLC-grade acetonitrile, methanol and formic acid were obtained from Dikma Technologies Inc. (Beijing, China). Deionized water (18.2 MΩ) was obtained from a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Assay design enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (ELISA) was obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute. All the reference standards were obtained from Chengdu Mansite Bio-technology Co., Ltd. The Zhishi sample was collected from Jiangxi province of China, and its species, local name, collection location, year of collection and growing environment are listed in the complementary materials. Its dried specimens were deposited at the Institute of Basic Theory, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
3
Characterization of Buddleja lindleyana Compounds
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Linarin (137-200702), luteolin (137-200708), apigenin (137-200928), acacetin (137-200619) and acteoside (137-200901) were purchased from Nanjing Guangrun Biotechnology Co. Ltd (Nanjing, China). Rutin (100080-200707), quercetin (100081-200907) and sulfamethoxazole (100025-200904) were obtained from the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control. The purities of these standards were higher than 98%.
HPLC-grade methanol was purchased from J. T. Baker Chemical Company (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Formic acid (HPLC grade) was provided by Diamond Technology (Dikma Technologies Inc., Lake Forest, CA, USA). Ethanol (analytical grade) was provided by Tianjin Guangfu Technology Development Co. Ltd (Tianjin, China). Purified water was obtained from Guangzhou Watson's Food & Beverage Co. Ltd (Guangzhou, China).
The entire Buddleja lindleyana Fort. plant was collected from Anguo Chinese Medicinal Materials Wholesale Market and identified by Zengke Kong, Professor of Pharmacognosy, Hebei Province Institute for Drug Control. The sources of Buddleja lindleyana Fort. are listed inTable 1 .
HPLC-grade methanol was purchased from J. T. Baker Chemical Company (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Formic acid (HPLC grade) was provided by Diamond Technology (Dikma Technologies Inc., Lake Forest, CA, USA). Ethanol (analytical grade) was provided by Tianjin Guangfu Technology Development Co. Ltd (Tianjin, China). Purified water was obtained from Guangzhou Watson's Food & Beverage Co. Ltd (Guangzhou, China).
The entire Buddleja lindleyana Fort. plant was collected from Anguo Chinese Medicinal Materials Wholesale Market and identified by Zengke Kong, Professor of Pharmacognosy, Hebei Province Institute for Drug Control. The sources of Buddleja lindleyana Fort. are listed in
4
Solvents and Water Purification for Analysis
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Methanol, acetonitrile, butanol, and dichloromethane were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA), and formic acid and ammonium acetate were from DiKMA Technologies (Beijing, China). Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ) was prepared using a Milli-Q system (Millipore Billerica, Burlington, MA, USA).
5
Artesunate-loaded PEGylated Nanoparticles
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Artesunate (ARS) was purchased from Chongqing Holley Wuling Mountain Pharmaceutical Co., LTD. 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy (polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG2000) was purchased from Shanghai Advanced Vehicle Technology Pharmaceutical Ltd (Shanghai, China). d -α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS), C12, 1-ethyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbonyl diamide hydrochloride (EDCI), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) were purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China). Methanol and acetonitrile (chromatography pure) were purchased from Tianjin Kemeng Chemical Industry & Trade Co., LTD. The dialysis bag (intercept molecular weight: 12–14 kDa) was bought from Shanghai Green Bird Technology Development Co., LTD. acetonitrile (chromatography pure) was purchased from Fisher Scientific (USA). Formic acid and ammonium acetate were purchased from Dikma Technologies, Inc. All other ingredients were analytically pure.
6
Cultivation Media Formulation for Microbial Studies
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SMX and 4-aminophenol (4-AP) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry. 3-amino-5-methylisoxazole (3A5MI) was supplied by Kmaels. Acetonitrile (high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade) and formic acid (HPLC grade) were purchased from Dikma Technologies Inc., Foothill Ranch, CA, USA. All other chemicals used in this study were analytical grade and obtained from Kermel Chemical Reagent Ltd., Tianjin, China.
The mineral salt medium (MSM) was composed of 0.5 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 1.5 g/L KH2PO4, 3.5 g/L K2HPO4, 0.15 g/L MgSO4·7H2O, 0.5 g/L NaCl and 1.0 mL/L trace elements. In addition, the trace elements used in this study contained NaHCO3·10H2O 2.0 g/L, MnSO4·4H2O 0.3 g/L, ZnSO4·7H2O 0.2 g/L, (NH4)6Mo7O2·4H2O 0.02 g/L, CuSO4·5H2O 0.1 g/L, CoCl2·6H2O 0.5 g/L, CaCl2·2H2O 0.05 g/L, FeSO4·7H2O 0.5 g/L. Luria-Bertani medium (LB) was also used: Tryptone 10 g/L, Yeast extract 5 g/L, NaCl 10 g/L. All media were adjusted to 7.0 ± 0.2 using NaOH/HCl. For solid media, 15 g agar was added per liter. All media were sterilized at 120 °C for 20 min before use.
The mineral salt medium (MSM) was composed of 0.5 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 1.5 g/L KH2PO4, 3.5 g/L K2HPO4, 0.15 g/L MgSO4·7H2O, 0.5 g/L NaCl and 1.0 mL/L trace elements. In addition, the trace elements used in this study contained NaHCO3·10H2O 2.0 g/L, MnSO4·4H2O 0.3 g/L, ZnSO4·7H2O 0.2 g/L, (NH4)6Mo7O2·4H2O 0.02 g/L, CuSO4·5H2O 0.1 g/L, CoCl2·6H2O 0.5 g/L, CaCl2·2H2O 0.05 g/L, FeSO4·7H2O 0.5 g/L. Luria-Bertani medium (LB) was also used: Tryptone 10 g/L, Yeast extract 5 g/L, NaCl 10 g/L. All media were adjusted to 7.0 ± 0.2 using NaOH/HCl. For solid media, 15 g agar was added per liter. All media were sterilized at 120 °C for 20 min before use.
7
Quantitative Analysis of Phytochemicals in Traditional Chinese Medicine
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Shenling Baizhu San was purchased from Tongrentong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., China. The reference standards of PAN, Rg1, ATA-I, ATA-III, PA, NEF, NUC, DG, PD, and ISL with purities of 98% were purchased from Chengdu Croma Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Puerarin (internal standard, IS) was obtained from Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd. The chemical structure of the above compounds is shown in Figure 1 . Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was obtained from American MP Biomedicals. Formic acid was of chromatographic purity and was purchased from Dikma (Shanghai). HPLC-grade acetonitrile (ACN) and methanol (MeOH) were supplied by Merck Co. Ltd. (Merck, Germany) and used for HPLC analysis and plasma sample preparation. Deionized water was produced using a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).
8
Quantitative Analysis of CCl4 in Olive Oil
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CCl4 was purchased from Tianjin Beifang Chemical Company (Tianjin, China). Olive oil was purchased from Shanghai Chemical Reagent Company (Shanghai, China). Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (USA). Deionized water was produced using a Milli-Q ultrapure water system (Millipore, Billerica, USA). Formic acid (HPLC grade) was purchased from Dikma Technologies (USA). Leucine enkephalin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). All other reagents were of HPLC grade.
9
Comprehensive Analytical Reagents Procurement
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TF (98%) was purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, Germany). HPLC-grade acetonitrile, methanol, and trichloromethane were purchased from Fisher Chemicals (Pittsburgh, PA, USA), and formic acid was obtained from Dikma Technologies (Lake Forest, CA, USA). Amino acid standards, ninhydrin, and leucine-enkephalin were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Standards of higher alcohols and esters were purchased from AnPu Company (Shanghai, China), and those of glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, and maltotriose (all >99% purity) were obtained from Dr. Ehrenstorfer. Hydrochloric acid, phenol, and sodium citrate for the analysis of amino acids were of analytical grade (Beijing Chemical Reagent, Beijing, China). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was from Gibco BRL (Gaithersburg, MD, USA). HPLC-grade water was produced using an Arium comfort I ultra-pure water system (Sartorius A. G., Göttingen, Germany).
10
Reagent Acquisition for ROS Assay
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UA (99%) and thymine (I.S.) (98%) were obtained from Sigma (USA). MCT was purchased from Pure One Biotechnology (Co., Ltd. Shanghai, China). NAC was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (St. Louis, MO, USA). Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) detection reagents were obtained from molecular probes (Calif, USA). All other reagents were purchased from common commercial sources. LC-MS-grade methanol and formic acid were obtained from Dikma and Sigma (USA). All other reagents were of analytical grade.
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