Nasopharyngeal specimens were obtained through the nose with cotton-tipped swabs at the age of 1, 6, and 12 months (Copan Swab Applicator, Copan Diagnostics Inc., Brescia, Italy). Specimens were sent to our central microbiology laboratory for standard bacterial cultures within 2 hours of collection. In this study, throat swab were performed only in children free of any respiratory symptoms for at least 3 weeks. Pathogens such as Coag (-) staphylococcus, α, γ –Streptococcus, corynebacterium, Moraxella, etc. were considered as normal flora or low virulence pathogens, thus rarely be considered as pathogenic in the absence of clinical symptoms. Pathogens such as S. pneumoniae, S aureus, H. influenza, Acinetobacter, etc. are considered as potential threat and thus might need colony count to determine their virulence. However, in our study, we looked at colonization (carrier) state and not disease rate, thus, children were considered colonized in the presence of bacteria despite low (rare) growth. Details of our experimental procedures have been published previously30 .
Swab applicator
Manufactured by Copan
Sourced in Italy
The Copan Swab Applicator is a device designed for the collection of samples from various sources. It features a sterile swab tip attached to a plastic handle, allowing for efficient and controlled collection of specimens. The core function of this product is to facilitate the gathering of samples for further analysis or testing, without making claims about its intended use.
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Lab products found in correlation
5 protocols using swab applicator
1
Longitudinal Surveillance of Nasopharyngeal Microbiome
2
Nasopharyngeal Bacterial Culture Procedure
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Nasopharyngeal specimens were obtained at 12 months of age through the nose with separate cotton-tipped swabs (Copan Swab Applicator, Copan Diagnostics Inc., Brescia, Italy). Samples were then transported to the microbiology laboratories within 2 hours of collection and cultured for bacteria with the use of standard methods for identification. Throat swab were performed only in children free of any respiratory symptoms for at least 3 weeks. Details of our experimental procedures have been published previously27 (link).
3
Nasal Swab Collection for Respiratory Pathogens
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At 1 month of age, specimens were collected through the nose with a cotton-tipped swab (Copan Swab Applicator, Copan Diagnostics, Brescia, Italy). Specimens were sent to our microbiology lab for standard bacterial cultures within 2 hours of collection. In addition, multiplex PCR was performed for detecting Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pyogens, and Staphylococcus aureus [20 (link)].
4
Nasopharyngeal S. pneumoniae Colonization
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Mothers were requested to bring the enrolled infants (1, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months of age) to the Pediatric Clinic of Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital for S. pneumoniae detection from nasopharyngeal swabs. One swab per infant per visit study was taken. Questionnaire surveys were conducted at each visit to obtain information regarding demographic data, housing and living conditions, socioeconomic status, risk factors for colonization, history of respiratory tract infection and pneumococcal vaccination, and other clinical parameters.
Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected with separate cotton-tipped swabs (Copan Swab Applicator, Copan Diagnostics Inc., Brescia, Italy), through the nose, into the nasopharyngeal spaces at the scheduled visits. After placed into a transported medium, swabs were transported to the microbiology laboratory within 2 h after collection and cultured for bacteria by using standard methods for identification [13 ]. All swabs were plated within 6 hours of sampling on blood agar plates with 5% sheep’s blood to isolate S. pneumoniae.
Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected with separate cotton-tipped swabs (Copan Swab Applicator, Copan Diagnostics Inc., Brescia, Italy), through the nose, into the nasopharyngeal spaces at the scheduled visits. After placed into a transported medium, swabs were transported to the microbiology laboratory within 2 h after collection and cultured for bacteria by using standard methods for identification [13 ]. All swabs were plated within 6 hours of sampling on blood agar plates with 5% sheep’s blood to isolate S. pneumoniae.
5
Nasopharyngeal Bacterial Sampling and Analysis
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At the age of 1 and 12 mo, nasopharyngeal specimens were obtained through the nose with separate cotton-tipped swabs (Copan Swab Applicator, Copan Diagnostics, Brescia, Italy). Samples were then transported to the microbiology laboratories within 2 h after collection and cultured for bacteria with the use of standard methods for identification (38) . Besides the traditional culture methods, multiplex PCR was also performed as described by Hendolin et al. (39)
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