Sigma-Aldrich (Burlington, MA, USA) and dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline
(PBS) to prepare the stock solutions with concentrations of 1 mg/mL.
DL-indole-3-lactic acid (ILA), 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA), indole-3-acetamide
(IAM), and indole were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, and trifluoroacetic acid
was procured from Daejung Chemicals and Metals (Siheung, Korea). All reagents
were stored as specified by the manufacturer. The following antibodies were used
in the study: Zona occludens 1 (ZO-1) antibody (Cat No.21772-1-AP, Proteintech,
Chicago, IL, USA), claudin-1 antibody (Cat No. ab211737, Abcam, Cambridge, UK),
nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) antibody (sc-372, Santa Cruz
Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), p-NF-κB p65 (Cell Signaling Technology,
Danvers, MA, USA), β-actin C4 antibody (sc-4778, Santa Cruz
Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), secondary R-antibody (Cat. No. A11036,
Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA), and Westar Supernova (Code.XLS3,0100, Cyanagen,
Srl, Bologna, Italy).