Chelidonine

Benzyl isothiocyanate (BI) and licochalcone-A (LICO) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Chelidonine (CHE), evodiamine (EVO), isoliquiritigenin (ISO) and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PI) were obtained from Chromadex (Los Angeles, CA, USA). Salinomycin (SAL) was obtained from AdooQ Bioscience (Irvine, CA, USA). Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 inhibitor X (GSK3i) was purchased from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA, USA). All phytochemicals were prepared by dissolving in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Sigma-Aldrich) at 10 mg/mL stock.

Stylopine and chelidonine were purchased from ChromaDex Inc. (Los Angeles, CA, USA), sanguinarine chloride hydrate and chelidonine from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany), protopine from Extrasynthese (Genay, France) and bicuculline from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA). All references were of analytical standard. Trifluoroacetic acid for HPLC, HPLC grade acetonitrile and methanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). The ultra-pure water used for HPLC analysis was obtained from a Millipore system (Milli-Q RG) (Millipore, France). Acetycholine for the antispastic assays was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Ferric chloride, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) (97%); diammonium 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) (>98%), 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazine (DPPH), 2,4,6-tris (2-pyridyl)-striazine (TPTZ) for antioxidant assays, acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCI), acetylcholinesterase from Electrophorus electricus (electric eel) (AchE), 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) and galantamine hydrobromide for the AchE inhibition assay were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany).