Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, phenyllactic acid, 2,4- dihydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-caumaric acid, ferulic acid, rutin, sinapic acid, cinnamic acid, rosmarinic acid, methyl syringate, quercetin, hesperetin and kaempferol were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Australia). HPLC grade methanol was supplied by Merck (Australia). Stock solutions of the compounds were prepared by dissolving 5 mg in methanol. Phenomenex (Australia) Strata-X SPE cartridges (500 mg/6 ml, surface area 800 m2 g−1, particle size 33 μm, average pore size 85 Å) were used to pre-concentrate the target analytes. SPE cartridges were conditioned according to the manufacturer's instructions before loading the honey samples.
2 4 dihydroxybenzoic acid
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany
2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid is a chemical compound used as a laboratory reagent. It is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water and organic solvents. The compound has the chemical formula C₇H₆O₃.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Ferulic acid, by Merck Group (11 mentions)
Vanillic acid, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Syringic acid, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
4 hydroxybenzoic acid, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Caffeic acid, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
P coumaric acid, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Cinnamic acid, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
3 4 dihydroxybenzoic acid, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Sinapic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Kaempferol, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Chlorogenic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Rutin, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
O coumaric acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Syringaldehyde, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Benzoic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Sulfuric acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Vanillin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Hippuric acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
17 protocols using 2 4 dihydroxybenzoic acid
1
Quantification of Polyphenols in Honey
2
Quantification of Natural Phenols by HPLC
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Acetonitrile, water and methanol (LC-MS Chromasolv grade, >99.9% purity) used for sample pre-treatment and as HPLC-ESI-MS eluents were from Fluka (Milan, Italy). Eluents for HPLC-DAD analysis were acetonitrile (Chromasolv for HPLC, >99.8%) from Sigma Aldrich (Milan, Italy) and water (RPE) from Carlo Erba. Formic acid 98% purity was from J.T. Baker. Gallic acid (more than 99% purity) and ellagic acid dehydrate (97% purity) were from Alpha Aesar (Lancaster, England), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (99% purity), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (>97% purity), 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (97% purity), dihydrocaffeic acid (98% purity), ferulic acid (99% purity), syringic acid (98% purity), vanillic acid (97% purity), caffeic acid (97% purity), juglone (97% purity) and lawsone (97% purity) were from Sigma Aldrich (Milan, Italy).
The stock solution contained 13 natural phenols in methanol (100 µg/g). Aliquots of the stock solution were diluted with water to obtain working standards for method development. The HPLC-DAD requires a standard concentration in the range of 10 µg/g, while HPLC-ESI-Q-ToF of 3 µg/g. Solutions were stored at −18°C.
The stock solution contained 13 natural phenols in methanol (100 µg/g). Aliquots of the stock solution were diluted with water to obtain working standards for method development. The HPLC-DAD requires a standard concentration in the range of 10 µg/g, while HPLC-ESI-Q-ToF of 3 µg/g. Solutions were stored at −18°C.
3
Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Protocol
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2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (≥99.9%), hexamethylenetetramine (≥99.9%), Pluronic P123 (≥99.0%), sodium oleate (≥99.0%), potassium sulfate (≥99.0%), cesium sulfate (≥99.0%), perchloric acid (70%), lead (II) perchlorate trihydrate (98%), potassium hydroxide (≥85%), sulfuric acid (95.0-98.0%), and nickel (II) acetylacetonate (≥99.9%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The hydrophobic porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) substrates with 0.45 μm pore size were purchased from Beijing Zhongxingweiye Instrument Co., Ltd. Deionized water (18.2 MΩ) from an OmniaPure UltraPure Water System (Stakpure GmbH) was used for all the experiments. The Cu (99.999%) target was obtained from Kurt J. Lesker Company. Carbon dioxide (99.9%), nitrogen (99.99%), and oxygen gas (99.99%) were obtained from Air Liquide Singapore Pte. Ltd. Nafion 117 proton exchange membrane, Fumasep FAA-3-PK-130 anion exchange membrane and Ti screen mesh were purchased from Fuel Cell Store. The electrochemical flow cell and Ag/AgCl (3 M KCl) reference electrodes were purchased from Tianjin Aida Hengsheng Technology Development Co. The standard calibration gas mixtures for calibrating the gas chromatography system were obtained from Air Liquide Singapore Pte. Ltd. All the chemicals used in this work were of analytical grade and used without further purification.
4
Polyphenolic Compound Characterization and Antioxidant Evaluation
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All chemicals and solvents were analytical grade and obtained from commercial sources. The polyphenolic components (gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, tyrosol, chlorogenic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, vanillin, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), syringaldehyde, oleuropein, syringic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, and vanillic acid), as well as the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Anhydrous sodium sulphate was purchased from Kemika d.d., Croatia; methanol, formic acid, and sodium hydroxide from Carlo Erba Réactifs-SdS, France; phosphoric acid from Fluka, Switzerland; and acetonitrile, n-hexane, diethyl ether from J.T. Baker, Netherlands.
5
Analytical Standards for Antioxidant Assays
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The phenolic standards (gallic acid, cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid), quercetin, caffein, trigonelline, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Chemicals used for the physicochemical analysis were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All chemicals used were analytical grade unless specified. All samples were stored in sealed glass jars and at room temperature (20–30 °C) until analysis
6
Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction Protocols
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2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (≥99.9%), hexamethylenetetramine (≥99.9%), Pluronic P123 (≥99.0%), sodium oleate (≥99.0%), potassium sulfate (≥99.0%), sulfuric acid (95.0-98.0%), sodium perchlorate (≥99.0%), iron(III) acetylacetonate (≥99.9%), nickel(II) acetylacetonate (≥99.9%) and cobalt(II) acetylacetonate (≥99.9%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Au@SiO2 for SHINERS experiments were purchased from XFNANO, China. Deionized water (18.2 MΩ) from an OmniaPure UltraPure Water System (Stakpure GmbH) was used for all the experiments. Carbon dioxide (99.9%), nitrogen (99.99%), argon (99.9995%) and hydrogen gas (99.9995%) were obtained from Air Liquide Singapore Pte. Ltd. Nafion 117 cation exchange membrane, and titanium screen mesh were purchased from Fuel Cell Store. The electrochemical flow cell and Ag/AgCl (3 M KCl) reference electrodes were purchased from Tianjin Aida Hengsheng Technology Development Co. The standard calibration gas mixtures for calibrating the gas chromatography system were obtained from Air Liquide Singapore Pte. Ltd. All the chemicals used in this work were of analytical grade and used without further purification.
7
HPLC Analysis of Phenolic Compounds
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HPLC grade rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, quercetin, caffeic acid, syringic acid, benzoic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid, apigenin, chicoric acid, luteolin, kaempferol, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, naringenin and coumarin standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (MO, USA). Other chemicals and solvents were analytical grade and were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
8
Analytical Protocol for Phenolic Compounds
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All solvents and reagents used for analysis were HPLC- and analytical-grade. Gallic acid (≥98.0%), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (≥97.0%), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (≥99.0%), 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (≥97.0%)), vanillic acid (≥97.0%), caffeic acid (≥98.0%), syringic acid (≥95.0%), p-coumaric acid (≥98.0%), ferulic acid (≥99.0%), sinapinic acid (≥98.0%), rutin (≥95.0%) quercetin 3-β-d -glucoside (≥99.0%), benzoic acid (≥99.5%), kaempferol 3-O-β–rutinoside (≥98.0%), quercetin (≥95.0%), cinnamic acid (≥99.0%), and kaempferol (≥97.0%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
Stock standard solutions were prepared by dissolving approximately 1 mg of each substance in a 1 mL aliquot of methanol (1000 μg/mL). A mixed standard solution containing 10 μg/mL was subsequently prepared in methanol and stored at 4 °C prior to use.
Stock standard solutions were prepared by dissolving approximately 1 mg of each substance in a 1 mL aliquot of methanol (1000 μg/mL). A mixed standard solution containing 10 μg/mL was subsequently prepared in methanol and stored at 4 °C prior to use.
9
Analytical Standards for Phenolic Compounds
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General laboratory reagents were purchased from VWR International
Oy (Helsinki, Finland). Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE),
ethyl acetate, acetic acid (glacial), and sodium sulfate (anhydrous,
granular, ≥ 99%) were of analytical grade. Methanol and acetonitrile
were of LC-MS grade. Hydrochloric acid (reagent grade, 37%) and sodium
hydroxide (pellets pure) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. (Gillingham,
England). Water was purified in loco with a Milli-Q
water purification system (Millipore Co.). Analytical standards of
2,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, syringaldehyde,
cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, o-coumaric acid, and p-coumaric acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham,
England). Analytical standards of avenanthramides 2c, 2p, and 2f were
purchased from ReseaChem GmbH (Burgdorf, Switzerland).
Oy (Helsinki, Finland). Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE),
ethyl acetate, acetic acid (glacial), and sodium sulfate (anhydrous,
granular, ≥ 99%) were of analytical grade. Methanol and acetonitrile
were of LC-MS grade. Hydrochloric acid (reagent grade, 37%) and sodium
hydroxide (pellets pure) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. (Gillingham,
England). Water was purified in loco with a Milli-Q
water purification system (Millipore Co.). Analytical standards of
2,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, syringaldehyde,
cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, o-coumaric acid, and p-coumaric acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham,
England). Analytical standards of avenanthramides 2c, 2p, and 2f were
purchased from ReseaChem GmbH (Burgdorf, Switzerland).
10
Purification and Characterization of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors
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Quercetin, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin, and 3-coumaric acid were purchased from Extrasynthese. Quercetin-3′-sulfate, Quercetin-3-glucuronide, and isorhamnetin-3-glucuronide were synthetized as described [45 (link)]. xanthine oxidase (from bovine milk), allopurinol, 6-mercaptopurine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid, oxipurinol, 3-phenylpropionic acid, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, 3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenylacetic acid, 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylacetic acid, benzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, hippuric acid, 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenon, 4-methylcatechol, resorcinol, pyrogallol, phloroglucinol, 4-methoxysalicylic acid, and homovanillic acid were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, US). 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid and 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals. 6-thiouric acid was obtained from Carbosynth, 6-thioxanthine was purchased from 5A Pharmatech. uric acid was dissolved in 0.01 M sodium hydroxide (2 mM), while Q and its metabolites, APU, 6-MP, 6-TX, 6-TU, and xanthine were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (each 2 mM) and stored at –20 °C.
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