Hydrochloric acid (hcl)

E. pela wax—semifinished, first grade—was purchased from the Emeishan Institute of Insect Wax in Sichuan Province, southwestern China.
Sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, and lithium aluminum hydride (analytical grade) were supplied by Shanghai Maclean Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) A total of four PC standards, tetracosanol, hexacosanol, octacosanol, and triacontanol, were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Burlington, MA, USA) with a purity of >98%. Scopolamine hydrobromide was acquired from APExBIO (Houston, TX, USA) and dissolved in sterile normal saline at a final concen-tration of 4 mg/kg. Donepezil was purchased from the American MCE Company (Kowloon, Hongkong) and dissolved in 0.9% sterile normal saline at a final concentra-tion of 3 mg/kg. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) was purchased from Bei-jing Soleibao Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Assay kits for the determination of acetylcholine (Ach), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Institute of Biological Engineering (Nanjing, China). Normal saline (0.9%) was obtained from Hebei Tiancheng Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Cangzhou, China).

Anhydrous zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) was purchased from Xilong Science Co., Ltd. (China). Shanghai McLean Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (China) provided hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) was supplied by Guangzhou Huada Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. The absorbance of Cr (VI) was measured using a Shimadzu UV-160 spectrophotometer.

Tartary buckwheat seeds (Hefeng No. 1) were cultivated in Datong, Shanxi Province, China, and were acquired from Beijing Green Valley Sprout Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Rutin, gallic acid, and γ-Amino butyric acid standard were purchased from Shanghai solarbio Bioscience & Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The analytical grade chemicals, such as Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, gallic acid (GA), sodium carbonate, sodium hypochlorite, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, phosphoric acid, glucose anhydrous, aluminum chloride, potassium acetate, o-phthalaldehyde, copper sulfate, potassium sulfate, sulfuric acid, boric acid, ethanol, ethyl acetate, hydrochloric acid, trichloroacetic acid, sodium acetate, phenol, potassium persulfate, sodium hydroxide, and aluminum chloride were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). In addition, 2,2-diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), acetone, and methanol (HPLC grade) were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) kit was purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China).

Sodium chloride (NaCl, 99%), potassium chloride (KCl, >99%), sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO₃, >99%), calcium chloride (CaCl₂, >98%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%), ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl), sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate (NaH₂PO₄·H₂O, >99%), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH₂PO₄), magnesium chloride (MgCl₂, >99%), urea (≥99%), potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈, >99%), potassium ferricyanide, and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were obtained from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, pepsin (from porcine gastric mucosa), mucin (from the porcine stomach), pancreatin (from the porcine pancreas), lipase (from the porcine pancreas), bile extract porcine, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, 95%), and 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS, >98%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.

Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, ethanol, silver nitrate, potassium chloride, ammonium hydroxide solution, ammonium tetrathromolybdate and sodium sulfide nonahydrate were purchased from Macklin. Copper foam (200 × 100 × 1.5 mm, 99.8% purity) was obtained from ZhongNuo Advanced Material (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd. Deionized water (DI water) (resistivity > 18.2 MΩ cm⁻¹) was prepared by a pure water equipment (TTL-6B). All chemical reagents were used as received.

Furfural residue (FR) was obtained from Jinan Shengquan Company (Jinan, China), Shandong Province. Urea, KOH, Hydrochloric acid (36% HCl), Sulfuric acid (98%), and ethanol (99.8% CH₃CH₂OH) were all purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., (Shanghai, China) and were used without being purified. Deionized water was adopted for all experiments.

Polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) with 30% activity (wt./wt.) and a molecular mass of 35,000 Da were purchased from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and used as a scale inhibitor. The molecular structure of PSS is shown as Figure S1 in Section S1 of the SI. Sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS) (>95%) was purchased from Meryer Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Chemicals such as barium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfate, and potassium bromide were in analytical grade and purchased from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Calcite solid with a purity of 98.5% was purchased from Yanxi Mining Co., Ltd. (Shijiazhuang, China). Deionized water (DI water) was obtained using a Millipore Direct-Q 3UV system (Merck, Billerica, MA, USA).