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Oligonucleotide primers

Manufactured by Integrated DNA Technologies
Sourced in United States, Singapore, Belgium

Oligonucleotide primers are short, single-stranded DNA or RNA sequences used in various molecular biology techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. They serve as the starting point for DNA synthesis, enabling the amplification or detection of specific genetic regions.

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114 protocols using oligonucleotide primers

1

Bacterial Genomic DNA Extraction and Molecular Cloning

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Genomic DNA was prepared using the Sigma GenElute bacterial genomic DNA kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. Oligonucleotide primers were purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies (Singapore). PCR was carried out using GoTaq polymerase (Promega, Madison, USA) or KOD HotStart DNA polymerase (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Plasmid DNA was prepared using the Promega Wizard Mini Prep kit (Madison, USA). Restriction enzymes were purchased from New England Biolabs (NEB, Ipswich, MA, USA). DNA ligase, polynucleotide kinase (PNK) and Antarctic phosphatase used during cloning were all purchased from NEB (Ipswich, MA, USA). Purification of PCR products was carried out using the Qiagen PCR purification kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.
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2

Cloning and expression of Ku and LigD

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Codon-optimized Ku (ID: P9WKD9) and LigD (ID: P9WNV3) sequences from M. tuberculosis were synthesized by Genewiz and cloned through ligation-independent cloning (LIC) (25 (link)) using SspI restriction endonuclease (NEB, R0132L) and pMCSG7 expression vectors with a TEV-cleavable, N-terminal 6xHis-tag (26 (link)) (Addgene). Oligonucleotide primers (Integrated DNA Technologies) are described in Supplementary Table S1. All truncations of Ku and LigD were created by LIC using pMCSG7 or by site-directed mutagenesis (27 (link)). All plasmids were verified using Sanger sequencing (Genewiz).
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3

TASK-1 G203D Mutant Generation

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The TASK-1 G203D point mutation was generated using a previously described approach (28 (link)). The sequences of oligonucleotide primers (Integrated DNA Technologies) used to create the TASK-1 G203D mutant were ACCACCATCGGCTTCGACGACTACGTGGCGCTGCAGA (forward) and TCTGCAGCGCCACGTAGTCGTCGAAGCCGATGGTGGT (reverse). PCRs were performed in 50 µL with Q5 high-fidelity DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs) with 100 ng of pCDNA3.1-KCNK3 plasmid. DNA was then incubated with 1 µL DpnI for two hours at 37 °C. Clones were sequenced to confirm mutagenesis.
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4

Genetic Manipulation Protocols for Pseudomonas

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All plasmids and primers used in genetic manipulations are listed in Supplementary Tables 2 and  3, respectively. All basic microbiological and molecular procedures were executed according to standard protocols87 . Genomic DNA (gDNA) isolation, plasmid preparation, and DNA gel extraction were performed using nucleotide purification kits purchased from Qiagen or BioBasics. All restriction enzymes, T4 DNA ligase, Quick ligase, Taq DNA polymerase, RNase A, Antarctic phosphatase, and shrimp alkaline phosphatase were purchased from New England Biolabs. Phusion DNA polymerase was purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific. Transformations of P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens were carried out using established protocols for electroporation88 (link). Site-directed mutagenesis of plasmids was carried out using the QuikChange II XL Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Agilent). Oligonucleotide primers were purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies. Protein concentrations were measured using the Pierce 660 nm protein assay with the addition of the ionic detergent compatibility reagent (IDCR) when necessary (ThermoFisher Scientific).
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5

Cloning and Characterization of GroE Operons

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Materials, Plasmids, Bacterial Strains and Growth Conditions. All chemicals were from Sigma, Inc. Bacterial growth media and media supplements were from HiMedia Laboratories, Inc., Mumbai, India. Phusion polymerase for colony PCR was purchased from New England Biolabs Inc, USA. GroE expression plasmids, pBAD-GSL and pTrc-GSL were generated by cloning GroE operon into NcoI and HindIII sites on plasmids pBAD24 (Guzman et al., 1995) and pTrc99A (Amann et al., 1988) , respectively. The groE conditional mutant strain, E. coli
LG6, was a kind gift from Arthur Horwich, Yale University, USA (Horwich et al., 1993) . This strain produces GroE at levels similar to the wildtype at 30 °C (Chapman et al., 2006) .
Oligonucleotide primers were purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, IA, USA.
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6

Protein Purification and Crystallography

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Chloroform, methanol, and silica gel 60 (0.25 mm) thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates were from EMD Millipore (Germany). QIAprep Miniprep kit for plasmid purification and Ni-NTA superflow resin were from Qiagen (Germany). Easy-DNA kit for genomic DNA purification was from Invitrogen (USA). A HiLoad 26/60 Superdex 200 prep grade column and Akta protein purification system, and PhosphorImager were from GE Healthcare (United Kingdom). Tryptone, yeast extract, and agar were from BD Sciences (USA). [α-32P]UTP was purchased from PerkinElmer (USA). Oligonucleotide primers were obtained from Integrated DNA Technologies (USA). Enzymes for cloning were from New England Biolabs (USA). The crystallography reagents and Crystal Screen HT were from Hampton Research (USA). Other chemical reagents were from Sigma-Aldrich (USA).
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7

Fluorescent Peptide Substrate Assay

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Unless otherwise specified, all chemicals were purchased from Sigma or Fisher Scientific. DNA sequencing was performed by either the Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center (UIUC) or ACGT Inc. Restriction enzymes were purchased from New England Biolabs (NEB), Pfu Turbo was purchased from Agilent, and dNTPs were purchased from either NEB or GenScript. Oligonucleotide primers were synthesized by either Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT) or Eurofins MWG Operon. Fluorescein labeled BalhA1 leader peptide was purchased from GenScript as an N-terminal FITC-Ahx (fluorescein isothiocynate, aminohexyl linker) conjugate with a single glycine spacer. Unless otherwise stated, all proteins and substrates were used as MBP fusions to circumvent solubility issues. A table of the peptide substrates used in this study can be found in Supplementary Table 3.
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8

Mutagenesis of Human GRIN2A cDNA

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Mutagenesis was performed on the cDNA of human GRIN2A in the pCI-Neo vector (pCMV GluN2A). GluN2A mutations with respect to the amino acid numbering in NP_000824.1 were C436R, T531M, R518H, K669N, L812M. Oligonucleotide primers (Integrated DNA Technologies) were designed to incorporate single-base substitutions using the GeneArt® Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Thermofisher Scientific) (Table S3). The presence of each mutation was confirmed by DNA sequencing (Eurofins Genomics) and the whole coding sequence was also examined to ensure that no other mutations were introduced by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) errors. Plasmid DNA was amplified and purified using EZNA endo-free plasmid maxi kit (VWR International).
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9

Generating Mutant CYVaV Plasmids

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Plasmid pET17b-CYVaV, which contains the entire length of WT CYVaV genomic RNA (gRNA) complementary DNA (Accession number JX101610) downstream of a T7 promoter (33 (link)), was used as a template for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based site-directed mutagenesis. The desired mutations were introduced using custom-designed oligonucleotide primers (Integrated DNA Technologies) using Q5 high-fidelity DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs). The resulting PCR products were subjected to DpnI digestion followed by T4 DNA ligase before transformation into DH5α Escherichia coli cells. The presence of the desired mutations was confirmed through Sanger sequencing (Eurofins Genomics).
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10

Quantitative Gene Expression Analysis

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Total RNA was extracted using the RNeasy Mini kit (QIAGEN, MD). Extracted RNA was reverse transcribed using the Superscript II Reverse Transcription Kit (Invitrogen). qPCR was performed using the following program: 90°C, 60°C, and 72°C for 40 Cycles. All assays included triplicates in 20 μl reactions using the SYBR Green (Bio-Rad) and 1 μM oligonucleotide primers (Integrated DNA Technologies,Inc, IA). Primers used were:
Gene expression of each sample was normalized to the mean values of the reference gene GAPDH.
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