from Aladdin Chemistry Co. Ltd. (Shanghai). Carbonate–bicarbonate
(CB) buffer and D2O were obtained from Beijing InnoChem
Science & Technology Co. Ltd. CuCl2·2H2O, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), Na2S·9H2O,
sodium citrate (C6H5Na3O7), folic acid, N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
(EDC), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride,
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 4% paraformaldehyde fixing solution, 0.25%
trypsin, and glutaraldehyde were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical
Reagent Co., Ltd. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
(DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and penicillin/streptomycin were
obtained from Gibco (Thermos Fisher Scientific). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenylte-trazolium
bromide (MTT), 4′,6-diamidine-2′-phenylindole dihydro-chloride
(DAPI), 2′-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-5-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-2,5′-bi-1H-benzimidazole, trihydrochloride (Hoechst 33342), and propidium
iodide (PI) were purchased from Beijing Solarbio Bio-Tech Co. Ltd.
(China). All other reagents used in this research were of analytical
grade.