Sodium chloride (nacl)

Nanocurcumin and artesunate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich(St. Louis, MO, USA) with purities of 99% and 98%, respectively. Curcumin has a chemical formula of HOC₆H₃(OCH₃)CH=CHCO]₂CH₂, while artesunate has a chemical formula of C₁₉H₂₈O₈ and was in microsize. Additionally, we procured a range of high-quality chemicals for our study from reputable suppliers, in order to process the investigation. Here, Odium nitrate, DMSO, MTT stain, EDTA, RPMI 1640 media, RPMI media, trypsin, fetal bovine serum, ascorbic acid, sodium chloride, and sodium bicarbonate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (MO, USA). These chemicals are essential for various experimental procedures and analytical assays conducted during our research. Additionally, we sourced Tris-HCl, bovine serum albumin (BSA), Coomassie brilliant blue G-250, DEAE-cellulose, sodium chloride, aluminum chloride, hydrochloric acid, and rutin from BDH (Dubai, United Arab Emirates). These high-quality reagents were carefully selected to ensure accurate and reliable results for our study.

Crystal violet (CV), methylene blue (MB), and malachite green (MG) were procured from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, ≥97%), nitric acid (HNO₃, 68.0–70.0%), and sodium chloride (NaCl, ≥99%) were obtained from BDH, England (Poole, Doorset, UK). The morphology and elemental composition of the dried micro and nanoclays adsorbents were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) (JEOL 7600F, Tokyo, Japan). FTIR spectra of the tested micro and nanoclays adsorbents before and after CV dye adsorption were recorded on the Thermo Scientific FTIR Spectrometer (Nicolet iS50 FTIR, Madison, WI, USA) in the range 4000–400 cm⁻¹. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the micro and nanoclays adsorbents was accomplished using a Shimadzu XRD-6000, (Tokyo, Japan) diffractometer. A UV-vis spectrophotometer was utilized to determine the concentrations of dyes on the micro and nanoclay adsorbents. The chemical composition of micro and nanoclay adsorbents was obtained by XRF. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) (Thermo Scientific, Weltham, MA, USA) was applied for the analysis of micro and nanoclay adsorbents.

Buffers were prepared using components commonly employed to formulate antibodies: L-Histidine (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), Sodium Chloride (BDH, Radnor, PA), Hydrochloric Acid (Fisher, Fairlawn, NJ), and either L(+)-Arginine (Acros Organics, Waltham, MA) or Freebase Arginine (Fisher). NuPAGE LDS Sample Buffer, NuPAGE Reducing Agent, NuPAGE Antioxidant and Novex Sharp Standard, and MOPS were obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). Brilliant Blue G-250, acetic acid, and 2-propanol were obtained from Fisher Scientific. Unless noted otherwise in the text, reagents were as described in Read et al. [7 (link)].

LC-MS grade acetonitrile and water were from J.T. Baker (Philipsburg, NJ). Formic acid, tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP), and Protein-A/G MagnaBind® beads were from Pierce (Rockford, IL). Iodoacetamide (IAA), BSA, aprotinin, and EDTA were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium fluoride (NaF) were supplied by BDH (West Chester, PA). Protease inhibitors antipain, leupeptin, benzamidine, pepstatin, and sodium azide (NaN₃) as well as Triton X-100 were purchased from Amresco (Solon, OH) and PMSF from CalBiochem (Darmstadt, Germany). Sequencing grade Lys-C and trypsin were from Roche (Mannheim, Germany) and Promega (Madison, WI), respectively.

Different isolates of Vibrio spp that were used to validate primer specificity and assay sensitivity in this study are listed in Table 1 and Supplementary Table S1. All Vibrio strains were grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) with 1.0% NaCl (BDH), incubated at 30 °C and 200 rpm. For non-Vibrio strains (Supplementary Table S1), TSB without 1.0% NaCl was used under the same growth conditions. Genomic DNA was extracted from overnight cultures using the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) and quantified using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA Assay Kit (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA) with a Synergy H1 microplate reader (BioTek, Winooski, VT, USA).