Sodium triphosphate

Chitosan, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), sodium triphosphate (TPP), Folin Ciocalteau reagent, tyrosol, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy), luteolin, verbascoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, rutin, oleuropein, luteolin-4-O-glucoside, ligstroside, luteolin all purchased from Extrasynthése (Genay, Francia).
B’cuzz Hydro A + B nutrient solution (A: N-P-K 5-0-5; Nitrogen (N) 4.85%, Phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅) 0.15%, Potassium Oxide (K₂O) 4.73%, Sodium Oxide (Na₂O) 0.19%, Calcium Oxide (CaO) 3.79%, Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 1.32%, Sulfur Trioxide (SO₃) 0.11%, Iron (Fe) 0.040%, Boron (B) 0.001%; B: N-P-K 0-4-6; Nitrogen (N) 0.68%, Phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅) 4.07%, Potassium Oxide (K₂ O) 5.71%, Sodium Oxide (Na₂O) 0.20%, Calcium Oxide (CaO) 0.25%, Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 0.71%, Sulfur Trioxide (SO₃) 0.94%, Manganese (Mn) 0.029%, Copper (Cu) 0.001%, Zinc (Zn) 0.039%, Molybdenum (Mo) 0.001%, Boron (B) 0.012%) ATAMI, Rosmalen, Netherlands.
All of the reagents for microbiology were used and provided by Oxoid Limited (Basingstoke, UK). All of the solvents for the high-performance liquid chromatography were used and provided by VWR International Srl (Milan, Italy). Moreover, all of the chemicals were used at 99% purity.

Acetone (97%), polyethylene oxide (PEO; MW = 300,000), cerium(III) nitrate hexahydrate (Ce(III)), phosphate-buffered saline, sodium triphosphate, Tris-buffered saline (TBS), and dichloromethane (DCM) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Human dermal fibroblasts (PCS-201-012) and cell culture reagents were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA, USA). CyQUANT^® cell proliferation assay kits were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).

Chitosan (CS, 75 kDa, 84.3 ± 0.2% deacetylated) was provided by Marine Bio-Resources Co., Ltd. (Samut Sakhon, Thailand). Sodium triphosphate (TPP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Pluronic^® F-127mucin powder from porcine stomach Type III, α-amylase, porcine lipase Type II and bile extract powder, pepsin from hog stomach, pancreatin from hog pancreas, and albumin from human serum (HSA) and bovine serum (BSA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from Life Science Production (LPS, Bedford, UK). Serum-free Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) was purchased from Invitrogen Cop. (Grand Island, NY, USA). Hexahydrocurcumin (HHC) was synthesized from curcumin (Cur) following the method described by Srimuangwong et al. [15 (link)]. Wright-Giemsa dye was purchased from M&P IMPEX Ltd. (Ladkrabang, BKK, Thailand). Analytical grades of acetic acid, acetone, absolute ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Carlo Erba reagents (Val de Reuil, France). Ultrapure water was obtained from the Thermo Scientific Barnstead MicroPure system (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Other reagents were used without further purification.

Sodium alginate (medium viscosity, Sigma, Saint Louis, MO, USA), chitosan (low molecular weight, ≥75% deacetylation, Sigma), Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (Sigma), and sodium triphosphate (TPP, Merck, Rahway, NJ, USA) were purchased from a local supplier (Alborz Shimi Co., Tehran, Iran). Phosphate-buffered saline, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA), acridine orange ethidium bromide (Invitrogen) were provided by KalaZist Co. (Tehran, Iran). All reagents were analytical grades.