For 44% choline hydroxide-based gel preparation, 10 mL of choline hydroxide (44%, Sigma Aldrich) was heated at 50 °C for 30 min, followed by adding 0.15 g of starch and stirred for 2 h to obtain a clear, colorless gel. For the preparation of 22% choline hydroxide-based gel, 44% choline hydroxide was diluted with water, followed by adding starch to obtain the corresponding gel.
Choline hydroxide
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Choline hydroxide is a chemical compound with the formula (CH3)3N(CH2)2OH. It is a colorless, hygroscopic, and crystalline solid. Choline hydroxide serves as a source of the essential nutrient choline.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Dulbecco s modified eagle s medium dmem, by Biowest (2 mentions)
Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide mtt, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Trypsin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Glycine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Myristic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Fatty acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ethanolamine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Penicillin streptomycin pen strep solution, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Polyvinyl alcohol (pva), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Dichloromethane, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Biowest (1 mentions)
Propidium iodide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Purasorb pdlg 5002a, by Corbion (1 mentions)
Sodium citrate dihydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cellic htec3, by Novozymes (1 mentions)
Cellic ctec3, by Novozymes (1 mentions)
200 proof ethanol, by Decon Labs (1 mentions)
11 protocols using choline hydroxide
1
Choline Hydroxide-Based Gel Preparation
2
Maghemite Nanoparticle Binding with Fatty Acids
3
Ionic Liquid-Based Rutin Nanoparticles
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The reagents and solvents used for the synthesis of the ILs were choline hydroxide in methanol [Cho][OH]/MeOH 45% and methanol, both from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA), also acetonitrile from VWR (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France) and the amino acids, L-phenylalanine and glycine, from PanReact AppliChem (Barcelona, Spain).
For the cytotoxicity studies, the following reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA), phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 0.01 M, pH 7.4), trypsin, penicillin–streptomycin (pen/strep) solution, thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) were from Biowest (Nuaillé, France). The propidium iodide (PI) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All the rutin solutions had a final concentration of 0.5% (v/v) and were prepared in DMSO, for all assays. The solutions containing ionic liquids were all prepared in sterile water.
For the production of the nanoparticles, the dichloromethane and the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Corbion Purac (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) kindly supplied the Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) 50:50 with acidic termination (Purasorb® PDLG 5002A).
Rutin was obtained from Fagron, São Paulo, Brazil.
For the cytotoxicity studies, the following reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA), phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 0.01 M, pH 7.4), trypsin, penicillin–streptomycin (pen/strep) solution, thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) were from Biowest (Nuaillé, France). The propidium iodide (PI) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All the rutin solutions had a final concentration of 0.5% (v/v) and were prepared in DMSO, for all assays. The solutions containing ionic liquids were all prepared in sterile water.
For the production of the nanoparticles, the dichloromethane and the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Corbion Purac (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) kindly supplied the Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) 50:50 with acidic termination (Purasorb® PDLG 5002A).
Rutin was obtained from Fagron, São Paulo, Brazil.
4
Sorghum biomass pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis
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All materials were used as supplied unless otherwise noted. Water was deionized, with specific resistivity of 18 MΩ·cm at 25 °C, from Purelab Flex (ELGA, Woodridge, IL, USA). Choline hydroxide (45% in methanol), acetic acid (>99.7%), sodium hydroxide pellets (≥97%), methanol, sodium azide, and sulfuric acid (98%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethanol (200 proof) was purchased from Decon Labs, Inc. (King of Prussia, PA, USA). sulfuric acid (72%) was procured from the RICCA chemical company (Arlington, TX, USA). J. T. Baker, Inc. (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA) supplied hydrochloric acid and sodium citrate dihydrate, while citric acid monohydrate (≥99.99%) was obtained from Merck (Kenilworth, NJ, USA).
Analytical standard grade glucose and xylose were also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and used for calibration.
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, donated by Idaho National Labs, Idaho Falls, ID, USA) was dried for 24 h in a 40 °C oven. Subsequently, it was knife-milled with a 2 mm screen (Thomas-Wiley Model 4, Swedesboro, NJ, USA). The resulting biomass was then placed in a leak-proof bag, and stored in a dry cool place (4 °C room during the period of use).
Commercial cellulase (Cellic® CTec3) and hemicellulase (Cellic® HTec3) mixtures were provided by Novozymes, North America (Franklinton, N, USAC).
Analytical standard grade glucose and xylose were also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and used for calibration.
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, donated by Idaho National Labs, Idaho Falls, ID, USA) was dried for 24 h in a 40 °C oven. Subsequently, it was knife-milled with a 2 mm screen (Thomas-Wiley Model 4, Swedesboro, NJ, USA). The resulting biomass was then placed in a leak-proof bag, and stored in a dry cool place (4 °C room during the period of use).
Commercial cellulase (Cellic® CTec3) and hemicellulase (Cellic® HTec3) mixtures were provided by Novozymes, North America (Franklinton, N, USAC).
5
Synthesis and Characterization of Ionic Liquids
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For the synthesis of the ILs, choline hydroxide in methanol [Cho][OH]/MeOH 45%, methanol, Amberlite® IRA-400 chloride form, 1-bromoethane, and glycine from Sigma–Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA) were used as well as 1-methylimidazole and acetonitrile from VWR (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) from PanReact AppliChem (Barcelona, Spain). Rutin was obtained from Fragron (São Paulo, Brazil).
Regarding the cell viability studies, trypsin, penicillin–streptomycin solution, fetal bovine serum, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) were acquired from Sigma–Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA) and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) was purchased by Biowest (Nuaillé, France).
For the preparation of transfersomes, methanol was from Carlo Erba Reagenti SpA (Rodano, Italy), chloroform from Sigma–Aldrich Chemie Gmbh (Munich, Germany), Tween® 80 from Sigma–Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA), and soy phosphatidylcholine from Alfa Aesar (Kandel, Germany). For the release study, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) was prepared as previously described [54 (link)].
Regarding the cell viability studies, trypsin, penicillin–streptomycin solution, fetal bovine serum, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) were acquired from Sigma–Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA) and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) was purchased by Biowest (Nuaillé, France).
For the preparation of transfersomes, methanol was from Carlo Erba Reagenti SpA (Rodano, Italy), chloroform from Sigma–Aldrich Chemie Gmbh (Munich, Germany), Tween® 80 from Sigma–Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA), and soy phosphatidylcholine from Alfa Aesar (Kandel, Germany). For the release study, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) was prepared as previously described [54 (link)].
6
Characterization of Choline-Amino Acid Ionic Liquids
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Choline hydroxide (45 wt% in H2O) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. Amino acids and tetramethylsilane were obtained from J&K Scientific Ltd., Beijing, China. Details on the preparation and characterization of [Chl][AA] ILs are provided in ESI Fig. S1.† [OPy][Br] IL was purchased from the Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. The maize seeds (Zhengdan958, Zea mays L.) used in this study were purchased from Doneed Seeds Ltd., Beijing, China.
7
Purification and Characterization of Cyclosporine
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Crude
cyclosporine was supplied by Novartis-Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (USA) with purity of 90.8%. Purified cyclosporine
(95.0% purity, crystalline form), n-butylamine, n-octylamine, choline hydroxide, and glacial acetic acid
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada). Acetonitrile
(HPLC grade), ethyl ether, EtOAc, hexane, phosphoric acid, and tert-butyl methyl ether were purchased from Fisher Scientific
(Ottawa, ON, Canada). The water used in the experiments was obtained
from a Millipore purified water system (resistivity 18.2 MΩ
cm, 25 °C, Milli-Q Academic, Millipore, USA).
[Cho][OAc],
[C4NH3][OAc], and [C8NH3][OAc] were synthesized by following reported procedures (seeSupporting Information for complete description
and characterization).32 (link),33 (link) [P66614]Cl was kindly
donated by Cytec-Solvay (Niagara Falls, ON, Canada). [C2mim][OAc] and [C2mim][NTf2] were purchased
from IoLiTec (Tuscaloosa, AL, USA).
cyclosporine was supplied by Novartis-Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (USA) with purity of 90.8%. Purified cyclosporine
(95.0% purity, crystalline form), n-butylamine, n-octylamine, choline hydroxide, and glacial acetic acid
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada). Acetonitrile
(HPLC grade), ethyl ether, EtOAc, hexane, phosphoric acid, and tert-butyl methyl ether were purchased from Fisher Scientific
(Ottawa, ON, Canada). The water used in the experiments was obtained
from a Millipore purified water system (resistivity 18.2 MΩ
cm, 25 °C, Milli-Q Academic, Millipore, USA).
[Cho][OAc],
[C4NH3][OAc], and [C8NH3][OAc] were synthesized by following reported procedures (see
and characterization).32 (link),33 (link) [P66614]Cl was kindly
donated by Cytec-Solvay (Niagara Falls, ON, Canada). [C2mim][OAc] and [C2mim][NTf2] were purchased
from IoLiTec (Tuscaloosa, AL, USA).
8
Buffers and Reagents for Protein Studies
9
Choline-Stabilized Myristic Acid Dispersion
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Myristic acid (purity > 99%) and choline hydroxide (46 wt% in H 2 O) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and were used as received. Myristic acid was weighted exactly in a tube and ultrapure water was added so that the concentration was 10 mg/mL (1% weight in water). Next, the desired volume of a 1 mol L À1 choline hydroxide solution prepared in ultrapure water was incorporated to reach the desired molar ratio defined as R = n choline hydroxide /n Myristic acid with n the molar concentration in mol L À1 . The mixture was heated at 75 °C during 5 min and frozen several times until the fatty acid powder was fully dispersed. Samples were further stored at À18 °C and prior to be used, they were heated at 75 °C during 5 min and cooled to room temperature.
10
Synthesis of Amino Acid-Based Ionic Liquids
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1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, choline hydroxide (46 wt% in water), all amino acids, namely L-arginine, glycine, L-lysine, and L-phenylalanine were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and used without any further purication. In the synthesis equal amounts (by mol%) of choline hydroxide and amino acids were mixed together. The resultant mixtures were heated up to 70 C and stirred for 3 hours. Water was added to the mixture during heating to ensure that the amino acids had completely dissolved. Table 1 shows the structure of the ionic liquids, along with their water content; note that as natural biomass contains large volumes of water, the ILs were not dried prior to use.
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