Gemcitabine g6423

Nerofe^™ (dTCApFs). dTCApFs was synthesized like previously described [19 (link)].
The following chemotherapeutic agents were also used: Doxorubicin hydrochloride (D1515) (Dox; Sigma-Aldrich, US), SN38 (H0165) (Sigma-Aldrich), 5FU (F6627) (Sigma-Aldrich), paclitaxel (T7402) (Sigma-Aldrich) and gemcitabine (G6423) (Sigma-Aldrich).

Gambogic acid (purity ≥ 95%) was purchased from Cayman Chemical (2752-65-0) (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Piperine (P49007) (purity ≥9 7%) and gemcitabine (G6423) (purity ≥ 98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ham's F-12 (21700-075), fetal bovine serum (FBS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and trypsin-EDTA solution were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). 3-(4,5-Dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), 3,3′-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC₆), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Sigma Chemical, Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Annexin-V-FLUOS staining kit and protease inhibitor cocktail tablets were obtained from Roche Diagnostics (Rotkreuz, Switzerland). The substrates of caspase-9 (LEHD-para-nitroaniline; LEHD-p-NA), caspase-8 (IETD-para-nitroaniline; IETD-p-NA), and caspase-3 (DEVD-para-nitroaniline; DEVD-p-NA) were obtained from Invitrogen (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA).