α1 1 procollagen

The following compounds were used in this study: DATS (purity > 97%; Shenzhen Minn Bolin Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China), iodoacetamide (IAM; Nanjing Dingguo Changsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China), and mitomycin (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA). They were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for experiments. DMSO at a concentration of 0.02% (w/v) was set as a vehicle control throughout the studies. Analytical grade 30% hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂; Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) was diluted with deionized water to indicated concentrations for experiments. The following primary antibodies were used in this study: α-SMA, α1(I) procollagen, and fibronectin (Epitomics, San Francisco, CA, USA); TGF-βRI, TGF-βRII, PDGF-βR, EGF-R, and Bcl-2 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA); cyclin A, cyclin B1, CDK1, CDK2, Bax, pro-caspase-9, cleaved-caspase-9, pro-caspase-8, cleaved-caspase-8, pro-caspase-7, cleaved-caspase-7, pro-caspase-3, cleaved-caspase-3, full-length PARP-1, cleaved-PARP-1, and β-Actin (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA).

The following compounds were used in this study: curcumin, compounds 15d-PGJ2 and PD68235 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA); Etoposide (Selleckchem, Houston, TX, USA); P53 inhibitor PFT-α (Nanjing EnoGene Biotech Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China). All these compounds were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO; Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China) for experiments. The primary antibodies were used in this study: P16, P53, cyclin D1, cyclin E1, CDK4, CDK6, PPAR-γ, γH2AX and β-actin (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA); P21 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA); Hmga1 (Abcam Technology, Abcam, Cambridge, UK); α1(I)-procollagen and α-SMA (Epitomics, San Francisco, CA, USA).