TQ-PLGA NPs were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation method [12 (link)]. Briefly, 100 mg of PLGA was dissolved in 1.5 mL of dichloromethane with or without TQ (20% w/w) and added to 15 mL aqueous phase containing 0.25% PVA and 0.25% CN. Since CN alone is unable to stabilize the PLGA nanoparticles, blend of CN and PVA was used for preparation of PLGA-CN nanoparticles [12 (link)]. The primary emulsion was vortexed for 90 sec and then sonicated by a probe sonicator at 50 W (Q700 Sonicator, CT USA) for 60 seconds on ice. The organic solvents were evaporated using rotary evaporation (Rotavapor R-124, Buchi, Switzerland) and NPs were freeze-dried using mannitol as cryoprotectant (2.5% w/w).
Rotavapor r 124
Manufactured by Büchi
Sourced in Switzerland
The Rotavapor R-124 is a rotary evaporator designed for efficient solvent removal in a laboratory setting. It features a temperature-controlled heating bath, a motorized lift, and a condenser system to facilitate the evaporation and condensation of solvents. The core function of the Rotavapor R-124 is to concentrate and purify liquid samples by separating the solvent from the dissolved or suspended components.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Vac v 500, by Büchi (9 mentions)
Ultrasonic unit, by Elma Schmidbauer (2 mentions)
Amberlite xad 7, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Zeba spin desalting column, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Mini extruder, by Avanti Polar Lipids (1 mentions)
0.22 μm filter, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
0.45 μm membrane filter, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Alpha 2 4, by Martin Christ (1 mentions)
Waterbath b 480, by Büchi (1 mentions)
Centrifuge 5804, by Eppendorf (1 mentions)
Hexane, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Whatman no 1 filter paper, by Cytiva (1 mentions)
Sep pak c18 cartridge, by Waters Corporation (1 mentions)
Ultrasonic processor 500 w, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Vacuum pump v 700, by Büchi (1 mentions)
43 protocols using rotavapor r 124
1
Preparation and Characterization of TQ-PLGA Nanoparticles
2
Extraction and Analysis of Berry Jam Antioxidants
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Each berry jam (three samples for each jam) was homogenized using an Ultraturax homogenizer (Ultra-Turrax, Model Miccra D-9 KT, Digitronic GmbH, Bergheim, Germany) and 5 g of it was used for the further analyses. Ten mL of acidified methanol (0.3 % HCl (v/v)) was added, and the mixture was shaken for 20 min on a magnetic stirrer in the dark. The supernatant was collected, and the extraction procedure was repeated until the samples were colorless. The collected extracts were evaporated at 35 °C under reduced pressure (Rotavapor R-124, Buchi, Switzerland), dissolved in acidified water, and filtered through 0.45 μm Millipore filter before HPLC and antioxidant analyses. To avoid any anthocyanin pigment loss during the experiment, all the procedures were carried out in subdued light and under controlled conditions.
3
Extraction and Identification of Antioxidant Compounds from Forsythia Suspensa
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The FSE is derived from a climbing plant widely distributed in China. The dried fruits of F. suspensa were purchased from Tong Ren Tang Company (Beijing, China). In brief, dried fruits of F. suspensa were ground to powder (100 g), extracted with 500 mL of 80% methanol, sonicated for 3 h, filtered, and extracted twice (500 mL each time). The filtrates were combined and dried by rotary vaporization (Rotavapor R-124, Büchi, Flawil, Switzerland) (Wang et al., 2008 (link)). In this experiment, this procedure could be repeated for several times to get enough FSE, and the major active antioxidant constituents isolated from FSE have been identified as forsythoside A (33.0 mg/kg), forythialan A (82.6 mg/kg), phillygenin (33.4 mg/kg) and phillyrin (163.4 mg/kg) in our laboratory (Lu et al., 2010 (link)). We had previously proved forsythoside A, forythialan A, and phillygenin were the most active antioxidant compounds via in vitro 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH ) free radical–scavenging experiment and an in vivo diquat-induced male Sprague Dawley rats oxidative stress experiment carried out by Lu et al. (2010) (link). The antibiotic (chlortetracycline, CTC ) was provided by Beijing Tongli Xingke Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China), which was proved beneficial for the performance of broilers by Dong et al. (2011) (link).
4
Carotenoid Extraction from Tomato Peels
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Carotenoids were extracted from the tomato peels applying the protocol described by Bunea et al. [17 (link)]. Briefly, a mixture of methanol/ethyl: acetate/petroleum: ether (1:1:1, v/v/v) was used to extract total carotenoids from each powder sample (1 g). Falcon tubes containing the sample together with 10 mL solvent was placed in an ultrasonic unit (Elma Schmidbauer GmbH, Singen, Germany) for 10 min, centrifuged at 11,000 RPM and filtrated. The remained residue was re-extracted two more times by applying the same protocol. The extracts were collected in a separation funnel and were successively washed with sodium chloride solution (15%) and diethyl ether. The organic phase (upper layer), enclosing the targeted carotenoids, was dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and the solvent was removed by a rotary evaporator (Rotavapor R-124, Buchi, Flawil, Switzerland) at 35 °C.
5
Antioxidant Activity of Vernonia amygdalina and Corchorus olitorius
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The main apparatus and reagents used include
a Life Science UV–visible spectrophotometer (Beckman Coulter
DU 730), a rotary evaporator (Buchi rotavapor R-124), methanol, and
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).
The plant materials (leaves
of V. amygdalina and C. olitorius) were obtained from the local market
in Ilorin-Nigeria at their commercially marketable maturity and verified
in the Department of Plant Biology, University of Ilorin, with the
following Voucher numbers UILH/002/1022 and UILH/003/154, respectively.
a Life Science UV–visible spectrophotometer (Beckman Coulter
DU 730), a rotary evaporator (Buchi rotavapor R-124), methanol, and
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).
The plant materials (leaves
of V. amygdalina and C. olitorius) were obtained from the local market
in Ilorin-Nigeria at their commercially marketable maturity and verified
in the Department of Plant Biology, University of Ilorin, with the
following Voucher numbers UILH/002/1022 and UILH/003/154, respectively.
6
Extraction and Quantification of Chokeberry Anthocyanins
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AN were extracted from 5 g of chokeberries that were homogenized with acidified methanol (0.01% HCl) by the Ultraturax homogenizer (Ultra-Turrax, Model Miccra D-9 KT, Digitronic GmbH, Bergheim, Germany). The resulted mixture was centrifuged (5000 rpm, 10 min) and the red-colored supernatant was collected. This step was repeated till the sediment became colorless. A purified AN fraction was obtained after the extract loading through a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge. Sugars, acids, and other water-soluble compounds were washed with acidulated water (0.01% HCl). Afterwards, the other polyphenols (less polar than AN) were removed with ethyl acetate. AN were eluted and collected in acidified methanol (0.01% HCl). The resulted purified AN fraction was then evaporated at 35 °C under reduced pressure (Rotavapor R-124, Buchi, Switzerland), being redissolved in acidified water prior to HPLC quantification (total AN quantified as cyanidin-3-galactoside as 1239.3 μg/mL) and was used in the fabrication process of CaCO3(PAH)@RBITC@AN.
7
Polyphenol Extraction from Berries
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For the extraction of polyphenols, 5 g of fresh berries of each type were ground using an ultraturrax (Miccra D-9 KT Digitronic, Heitersheim, Germany). Additionally, the same amount of berry jams was homogenized and weighed, followed by the addition of 10 mL of methanol containing hydrochloric acid (0.3% v/v). The obtained mixtures were sonicated for 20 min in the dark and then centrifugated at 5000 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant was collected, and the extraction process was repeated until the samples were colorless. The extracts obtained for each sample were concentrated at 35 °C under reduced pressure (Rotavapor R-124, Buchi, Flawil, Switzerland) and then filtered through a 0.45 μm Millipore filter. All the sample preparation steps were carried out in subdued light and under controlled conditions.
8
Phytochemical Extraction and Quantification
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For the extraction of phytochemicals, 1 g of flour or different size fractions were mixed with 70% ethanol (8 mL) and allowed to stand for 24 h. The mixture was centrifuged at 12,000× g, at 4 °C for 10 min. The supernatant was collected and concentrated at 40 °C to dryness (Rotavapor R-124, Buchi, Switzerland) and used to estimate the phytochemical content in terms of TAC, TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity. For further experiments, the extracts were dissolved in ultrapure water.
9
Cationic Liposomes for Dual-Drug Encapsulation
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Conventional cationic liposomes encapsulating DTX were prepared using the lipid film hydration method as described previously [17 ]. First, DOTAP (0.1 mmol), Lipoid-S75 (0.09 mmol), and DTX (0.01 mmol) were added to 15 mL of chloroform in a round-bottomed flask. The mixture was gently warmed to 40°C for 15 min, and the solvent was evaporated using a rotary evaporator (Rotavapor R-124, Buchi; Flawil, Germany) until a thin lipid film was formed. Solvent traces were removed by desiccating the film for 60 min at high vacuum. The lipid film was hydrated with an aqueous solution of CDDP (1 mg/mL, 10 mL) in 0.9% (w/v) NaCl. Large multilamellar liposomes were spontaneously formed upon addition of the CDDP solution. The lipid suspension was left overnight to allow swelling of the liposomes and the partitioning of CDDP into the liposomes. Then, the uniformly sized liposomes were obtained by extruding the initial suspension through a series of polycarbonate membrane filters of decreasing pore sizes (400, 200, and 100 nm, five cycles each) using a mini-extruder (Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc.; Alabaster, AL, USA) maintained at 40 °C. Finally, the formulated liposomes were purified using a Zeba™ spin desalting column (Life Technologies Europe B.V.; Zug, Switzerland) to remove the unentrapped drugs.
10
Crinum jagus Ethanolic Extract Preparation
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Fresh Crinum jagus plants were collected from Batié (West Region, Cameroon, harvesting coordinates 9°25′17′′N and 13°27′2′′E) in August 2012. The study site did not involve endangered or protected species. The plant specimen was identified at the Yaounde National Herbarium, in comparison with the specimen referenced HNC 14049. The whole plant was cleaned, reduced into small pieces, dried in the shade, and then crushed to get a powder. The plant powder was extracted with ethanol/water mixture (1:4). For this, 1 kg of powder was macerated for 48 h in 5 L (1 L of ethanol/4 L of water) at room temperature and then filtered with N° 1 Whatman filter paper. The residue obtained was further macerated for 48 h in the same solvent (5 L) and then filtered. Likewise, the 2 filtrates obtained were pooled and concentrated in a rotary evaporator (BÜCHI Rota vapor R-124) at 45°C to obtain 291.6 g of dry dark hydroethanolic extract which was stored at +4°C in a well-closed container until use. Extract solutions were prepared with distilled water before oral administration to rats or for in vitro tests.
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