Embase

The following electronic databases were searched on 11 September 2019: Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCOhost) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Cochrane Library). All the searches were subsequently updated to 31 December 2020. The searches were conducted by one reviewer (AMA) using subject headings and text words related to TKR, the pre-operative phase and relevant interventions (see Additional file 2 for full search strategies). All searches were limited to human studies published between January 2009 and December 2020. Searches were also limited to studies published in the English language where possible. Reference lists of all eligible studies were screened. In line with accepted rapid review streamlining approaches, gray literature was not searched [26 ].

In accordance with MECIR standards, we will conduct a comprehensive literature search that includes large databases from the multi-disciplinary sciences and biomedical disciplines, specialist bibliographic databases to encompass the field of behavioural economics and databases with economic-specific evidence [36 ]. We will search the following databases from inception: MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) (EBSCO), Web of Science (Clarivate), Scopus (Elsevier), PsycINFO (Ovid), EconLit (EBSCO), SPORTDiscus (EBSCO) and National Health Service (NHS) Economic Evaluation Database. We will use a combination of free text and indexed terms combined with Boolean operators to search for relevant terms for the population, intervention and outcome components as defined above. We present the search strategy for MEDLINE (Ovid) in the Appendix. We will adapt this strategy for the remaining databases with the help of an academic librarian from the University of Melbourne. The strategy was developed based on terms used within other similar reviews and review protocols [16 (link), 41 ]. The search will be rerun prior to submission for publication and the results screened for potentially eligible new studies.

A search strategy was developed in Ovid MEDLINE before being adapted to the search functions of each database. MEDLINE was used to refine the strategy as a number of interventions had a primary focus on developmental and cognitive processes, and we wanted to sensitise the search to capture these publications. Twelve relevant electronic bibliographic databases were searched in December 2014 through March 2015. Searches were limited to the English language. Searches were conducted in: ASSIA (Proquest); British Education Index (Ebsco); CINAHL (Ebsco); Education Resources Information Center (Ebsco); Embase (OVID); Medline (OVID); Medline in Process (OVID); Social Care Online; Social Science Citation Index (Web of Science); Social Services Abstracts (Proquest); Scopus (Elsevier); PsycINFO (OVID). A panel of international experts were contacted for recommendation of relevant published and unpublished evaluations. Reference lists of included studies were scanned to identify additional studies. Reviewers of the original study manuscript suggested studies for consideration.