Isv 922

A spectrophotometer (V-750, JASCO Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) was used to measure the reflection and transmission spectra (Gausman and Allen, 1973 (link); Saito et al., 2020 (link)) of the first leaf from the top of the main stem (fully expanded and unshaded leaf) at 82 DAS of the plant with an integrating sphere unit (ISV-922, JASCO Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The measured light spectrum ranged from 400 to 700 nm. Three or four plants without fruit pruning were sampled per treatment. For each wavelength, the absorptance was calculated as 100% minus reflectance and transmittance.

The reflection and transmission spectra of the third leaf (fully expanded and unshaded leaf) from the top of the plant were measured using a spectrophotometer (V-750, JASCO Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) with an integrating sphere unit (ISV-922, JASCO Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) at 10 DAT. The range of the measured light spectrum was 400–700 nm. Eight and four plants in each treatment in Experiments 1 and 2 were sampled, respectively. Absorptance was calculated for each wavelength as follows:
Chlorophyll pigment was extracted from the third leaf from the top of the plant with N,N-dimethylformamide at 10 DAT, according to the protocol described by Porra et al. [81 (link)]. For chlorophyll concentration analysis, four leaves from four plants in each treatment were sampled. The chlorophyll concentration was determined on a dry weight basis by measuring the absorbance of the leaf extracts at 663.8, 646.8, and 750.0 nm using an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (V-750, JASCO Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).

The crystal structure of TNAs and Fe/TNAs was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) (X’Pert Pro MRD, PANalytical, Almelo, The Netherlands) using a Cu Kα source at a wavelength of 0.154 nm. JCPDS PDF card database was selected as the identification of XRD peaks. The morphology was studied using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (Nova NanoSEM 430 FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA). The specific surface area of TNAs and Fe/TNAs were measured by BET (ASAP 2020 N (S/N: 1195), Micromeritics, Norcross, GA, USA) analysis under 740 mmHg of pressure (P₀) and 77.350 K of bath temperature. Raman analysis was conducted by using 532 nm Laser, with 1800 cm⁻¹ grating and 50 s exposure time, operating by Labspec5 software. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments were conducted on the TNAs and Fe/TNAs using a PHI 5000 Versa Probe system (Physical Electronics, Chanhassen, MN, USA). The binding energy that was obtained from the XPS spectra was calibrated with reference to the C1s peak at 284.8 eV. The UV-vis absorption spectra were measured in diffused reflection mode using an integrating sphere (ISV-922, Jasco, Tokyo, Japan) that was attached to a Jasco V-750 UV-vis DRS spectrometer (V-750, Jasco, Tokyo, Japan).