Nine infrared Oqus cameras (Oqus 400, Qualisys AB) captured three-dimensional position characteristics of passive reflective markers (ø 14 mm) at a sampling frequency of 250 Hz. Calibration of the measurement volume was done according to the manufacturer’s specifications. All markers were placed bilaterally on anatomical landmarks by the same researcher using double sided tape (3M, St. Paul, MN, USA). These landmarks were: on the ski boot corresponding to the head of the fifth metatarsal and to the lateral malleolus (ankle), the lateral femoral epicondyle (knee), the greater trochanter (hip), the lateral end of the acromion process (shoulder), the lateral humeral epicondyle (elbow), and the styloid process of ulna (wrist). These markers defined 11 body segments; feet, shanks, thighs, upper arms, forearms and trunk [e.g., 17 ]. One marker was placed ~5 cm below the grip handle of each pole and one marker on the lateral side of the pole tips. These markers defined the pole direction and thus the direction of pole forces. One marker was placed 1 cm behind the front wheel and one marker 1 cm in front of the back wheel on each ski.
Oqus 400
Manufactured by Qualisys
Sourced in Sweden
The Oqus 400 is a high-performance motion capture camera system from Qualisys. It is designed to capture precise 3D movement data with high accuracy and reliability. The Oqus 400 features advanced optics, powerful processing capabilities, and integrated software for efficient data acquisition and analysis.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Track manager, by Qualisys (2 mentions)
Double sided tape, by 3M (1 mentions)
Visual 3d software, by C-Motion (1 mentions)
Bp600900, by Amti (1 mentions)
Telemyo 2400t, by Noraxon (1 mentions)
Voluson i, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Trigno, by Delsys (1 mentions)
Biodex system 3, by Mirion Technologies (1 mentions)
Oqus 300, by Qualisys (1 mentions)
12 protocols using oqus 400
1
Biomechanical Analysis of Skiing with Infrared Motion Capture
2
Measurement of Lower Limb Kinematics
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The body position with maximal hip flexion angle in the PSLR test was recorded using a high-definition digital camera with its optical axis perpendicular to the sagittal plane of the participant. 3D trajectories of reflective markers were recorded using a videographic system with 10 video cameras (Oqus 400; Qualisys, Gothenburg, Sweden) at a sample rate of 100 frames per second and Qualisys Track Manager software. The knee flexion torque data measured by the dynamometer in the strength-testing system were collected using a MegaWin 2.4 system (Mega Electronics Ltd., Kuopio, Finland) at a sample rate of 100 samples per channel per second. The videographic and dynamometer data collections were time synchronized by the Qualisys Track Manager computer program package.
3
Motion Capture Analysis of Kinematics
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3D GA images were captured at 100 frames/second using a 12-camera stereo-photogrammetric system (Oqus 400 Qualisys medical AB, Gothenburg, Sweden). 38 retro-reflective spherical markers were attached to the participants according to the modified Helen-Heyes model. Calculation of joint angles was performed using the Visual 3D software (C Motion Inc., USA).
4
Motion Capture of Upper Extremity and Trunk
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3D data of UE and trunk movements were collected with an eight-camera motion capture system (Qualisys Oqus 400+, Qualisys, Göteborg, Sweden) and tracked using Track Manager (Version 2.15, Qualisys, Göteborg, Sweden). Tests were performed in a movement laboratory using a table and chair designed and adjusted to match the clinical setup of the WMFT.
5
Biomechanics of Countermovement Jumps
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To ensure that only the lower limbs were contributing to the development of power, the CMJ was performed with arms akimbo. A quick countermovement was performed, with instructions to then flex the knees to approximately 90˚, and then explode upwards with maximal effort. Participants were instructed to keep their legs straight throughout the jump and land in the same position as take-off. To minimise the risk of injury, they were instructed to cushion the landing by bending the knees as soon as the feet made contact with the ground.
Force Platform: A strain gauge force platform (AMTI, BP600900; dimensions 900x600mm, Watertown, Massachusetts, USA), which sampled at 1500Hz, was used for the collection of GRF data during the CMJ. The force platform was calibrated and checked before testing according to manufacturer guidelines.
Surface EMG: Surface EMG of the VL, BF, TA and GM of the participants' dominant leg was recorded during each CMJ using a wireless Noraxon EMG system with 16 bit analogue to digital resolution (Telemyo 2400T, Noraxon, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA). The surface EMG was recorded at a sampling frequency of 1500Hz and was synchronised to the GRF data via Qualisys Track Manager Software (Qualisys Oqus 400, Gothenburg, Sweden). The muscles under examination were prepared prior to data collection to reduce skin resistance following SENIAM guidelines (14) .
Force Platform: A strain gauge force platform (AMTI, BP600900; dimensions 900x600mm, Watertown, Massachusetts, USA), which sampled at 1500Hz, was used for the collection of GRF data during the CMJ. The force platform was calibrated and checked before testing according to manufacturer guidelines.
Surface EMG: Surface EMG of the VL, BF, TA and GM of the participants' dominant leg was recorded during each CMJ using a wireless Noraxon EMG system with 16 bit analogue to digital resolution (Telemyo 2400T, Noraxon, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA). The surface EMG was recorded at a sampling frequency of 1500Hz and was synchronised to the GRF data via Qualisys Track Manager Software (Qualisys Oqus 400, Gothenburg, Sweden). The muscles under examination were prepared prior to data collection to reduce skin resistance following SENIAM guidelines (14) .
6
Motion Analysis System with Modified LJMU Model
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A three-dimensional motion analysis system incorporating 30 reflective markers and 12 digital cameras (Oqus 400 Qualisys medical AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) was used. A marker-based biomechanical model was chosen and the reflective markers were secured to specific anatomical locations in accordance with a modified Liverpool John Moore University biomechanical model (LJMU-model) [5 (link)]. The modification consisted of additional markers for tuberositas tibiae and the head of metatarsal 2, an extra cluster marker at the medial side of the shank, one instead of four cluster markers at the lateral shank and thigh and no marker for greater trochanter nor upper body. Figures 1 A, 2 A and 3 .
7
Multimodal Evaluation of Trunk Muscle Activity
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Surface EMG data were recorded at 2000Hz from four muscles bilaterally (Fig. 1a ): thoracic and lumbar erector spinae (TES and LES), and internal and external oblique (IO and EO) (Trigno, Delsys Inc., USA). Prior to application of surface EMG sensors, all locations were shaved and cleaned with alcohol to ensure low impedance. Fine wire EMG was recorded synchronously from three muscles unilaterally (right side): IO, TrA, and the deep fibers of multifidus (MF). All indwelling electrodes were inserted under the guidance of ultrasound imaging (USI) (Voluson i, GE Health Care, UK) to ensure correct positioning (Fig. 1b ). Kinematic data were collected concurrently at 50 Hz from 12.7 mm reflective markers (B&L Engineering, Santa Ana, CA, USA) placed over key body landmarks to track 3D whole-body motion using 13 motion capture cameras (Oqus 400+, Qualisys, Sweden) (see Additional file 1 , which lists all tracking and calibration markers).![]()
8
Upper Limb Biomechanics Measurement
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An OQUS 400 optoelectronic system (Qualisys AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) composed of 6 cameras was used to track at 200 Hz the Cartesian position of nineteen reflective markers placed on the upper-limb and the trunk in accordance with the International Society of Biomechanics norm [29] (link). Isometric joint torques were measured with a Biodex 3 system (Biodex Medical Systems, Shirley, NY, USA) with a sampling rate of 100 Hz. Finally, a triaxial force platform AMTI-1000 series (Advanced Mechanical Technology Inc., Watertown, MA, USA) equipped with a custom made handle was used to assess the force production at the hand at a sampling rate of 100 Hz. Force and Biodex data were synchronised by using the Qualisys USB Analog Acquisition interface 64 channels (Qualisys AB, Gothenburg, Sweden).
9
Isokinetic Knee Flexion Strength Measurement
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After the sprinting test, each participant was seated on an IsoMed2000 isokinetic device (D&R Ferstl, Hemau, Germany) with the reflective markers still attached. The thigh and lower leg of the testing leg were secured on the seat and the dynamometer arm, respectively, with the hip flexed at 90°. The participant had 3 concentric isokinetic maximum knee flexion tests at an angular velocity of 10°/s for each leg to mimic isometric contraction, since muscle optimal length is referred to as the muscle length and corresponds to the maximum muscle isometric contraction force.26 The 3-D coordinates of the reflective markers in each trial of isokinetic strength were recorded by using a videographic data collection system (Oqus 400; Qualisys, Gothenburg, Sweden), with 12 cameras operating at a sampling rate of 100 frames/s. Knee flexion torque data were recorded at a sampling rate of 100 Hz and time-synchronized with videographic data collection using a MegaWin 2.4 system (Mega Electronics, Kuopio, Finland).
10
Artificial Grass Biomechanical Analysis
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A 3G system (type: monofilament; material: polypropylene, height: 40 mm, weight: 2 kg/m 2 ; Direct Artificial Grass, United Kingdom) with styrene-butadiene rubber and quartz sand infill (infill characteristics were installed following the manufacturer guidelines) was used in this study. Two artificial grass surface conditions were examined with and without the inclusion of a cushioning underlay (type: felt; thickness: 11 mm; weight: 1.42 kg/m 2 ): 3G-NCU and 3G-CU. The cushioning underlay was placed under the entire 3G system (force platforms and its surroundings). Both 3G-NCU and 3G-CU systems were placed over and around two force platforms (90 × 60 cm, 9281B, Kistler Holding AG, Winterthur, Switzerland) and in a calibrated volume of a 10-camera opto-electronic motion capture system (Oqus 400, Qualisys AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) (see Figure 1).
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